L-Entrati Kollha Tikkettati Bi: "Pakistan"
L-Islam u l-Għamla tal-Poter Statali
seyyed vali reza nasr
The Islamization of Pakistan
The Middle East Institute
The Muslim Brotherhood of Jordan and Jama’at-i-Islam of Pakistan
Neha Sahgal
The study of Islamist activism is new to social movement theory. Socialmovement scholarship has ignored Islamist movements because of their unique faithbasednature. More recently scholars have recognized that the processes of contentionconceptualized by social movement theory can be applied to Islamist activism to seektheoretical refinements in both areas of study.In this paper, I examine variations in the strategies followed by Islamistmovements in response to government policies. States have followed various policies inmanaging the tide of Islamist opposition to their power. Some states have chosen to userepressive means (L-Eġittu, Jordan before 1989), while others, at different times in theirhistory have used accommodative policies (Jordan after 1989, Pakistan, Il-Malasja). Iexamine the effects of government accommodation on Islamist movement strategies.I argue that accommodation can have varying effects on Islamist movementstrategies depending on the nature of accommodative policies followed. Governmentshave employed two different types of accommodative policies in their tenuousrelationship with Islamist opposition – Islamization and liberalization. Islamizationattempts to co-opt the movements through greater religiosity in state and society.Liberalization allows the movements to conduct their activities at both the state and thesocietal level without necessarily increasing the religiosity of the state1. Islamizationdisempowers Islamists while liberalization empowers them by providing a sphere ofinfluence.
Movimenti Iżlamiċi u l-Użu tal-Vjolenza:
Esen Kirdis
Minkejja l-enfasi akkademika u popolari reċenti fuq netwerks ta 'terroristi Iżlamiċi transnazzjonali vjolenti,hemm diversi movimenti Iżlamiċi. Din il-multipliċità tippreżenta lill-istudjużi b'żewġ puzzles. L-ewwel puzzle qed jifhem għaliex movimenti Iżlamiċi orjentati lejn id-dar li ġew iffurmati bħala reazzjoni għat-twaqqif ta 'stati-nazzjon sekulari biddlu l-attivitajiet u l-miri tagħhom fuq spazju transnazzjonali b'ħafna saffi. It-tieni taħbil il-moħħ qed jifhem għaliex gruppi bi għanijiet u miri simili jadottaw strateġiji differenti biex jużaw il-vjolenza jew in-non-vjolenza meta "jmorru transnazzjonali." Iż-żewġ mistoqsijiet ewlenin li se tindirizza dan id-dokument huma: Għaliex il-movimenti Iżlamiċi jmorru transnazzjonali? U, għaliex jieħdu forom differenti meta jittrasnazzjonalizzaw? L-ewwel, Nargumenta li l-livell transnazzjonali jippreżenta post politiku ġdid għall-movimenti Iżlamiċi li huma limitati fit-talba tagħhom fil-livell domestiku. It-tieni, Nargumenta li t-transnazzjonalizzazzjoni toħloq inċertezza għal gruppi dwar l-identità u t-talbiet tagħhom fil-livell transnazzjonali. Il-mezz adottat, jiġifieri. użu tal-vjolenza kontra n-non-vjolenza, tiddependi fuq it-tip ta 'transnazzjonalizzazzjoni, l-atturi jiltaqgħu magħhom fil-livell transnazzjonali, u l-interpretazzjonijiet tat-tmexxija dwar fejn għandu jmur il-moviment. Biex inwieġeb il-mistoqsijiet tiegħi, Se nħares lejn erba 'każijiet: (1) Islam Tork, (2) il-Fratellanza Musulmana, (3) Jemaah Islamiyah, u (4) Tablighi Jamaat