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Die Arabiese Môre

DAVID B. OTTAWAY

Oktober 6, 1981, was bedoel as 'n dag van viering in Egipte. Dit was die herdenking van Egipte se grootste oomblik van oorwinning in drie Arabies-Israelitiese konflikte, toe die land se onderhondleër oor die Suezkanaal in die openingsdae stoot 1973 Yom Kippur-oorlog en stuur Israelitiese troepe om terug te trek. Op 'n koelte, wolklose oggend, die Kaïro-stadion was propvol Egiptiese gesinne wat die militêre stut sy hardeware gaan sien het, President Anwar el-Sadat,die oorlog se argitek, met tevredenheid dopgehou terwyl mans en masjiene voor hom staan. Ek was naby, 'n nuut aangekome buitelandse korrespondent. Skielik, een van die weermagvragmotors het direk voor die beoordeelstalletjie gestop net toe ses Mirage-jets in 'n akrobatiese vertoning oorhoofs gebrul het, die lug skilder met lang rooi roetes, geel, pers,en groen rook. Sadat staan ​​op, klaarblyklik voor te berei om hulde met nog 'n kontingent Egiptiese troepe te ruil. Hy het homself 'n perfekte teiken gemaak vir vier Islamitiese sluipmoordenaars wat uit die vragmotor gespring het, storm die podium af, en hy het sy lyf met koeëls toegeslaan. Soos die moordenaars voortgegaan het vir 'n ewigheid om die erf met hul dodelike vuur te spuit., Ek het 'n oomblik oorweeg of ek op die grond moet slaan en waag om deur die toeskouers van paniekbevange afgetrap te word of om aan die gang te wees en die risiko om 'n verdwaalde koeël te neem. Instink het my aangesê om op my voete te bly, en my gevoel van joernalistieke plig het my gedwing om uit te vind of Sadat lewend of dood was.

Liberale demokrasie en politieke Islam: die soek Common Ground.

Mostapha Benhenda

Irak en die toekoms van politieke Islam

James Piscatori

Islamitiese politieke kultuur, Demokrasie, en Menseregte

Daniel E. Prys

STRATEGIEë VIR innemende politieke Islam

SHADI HAMID

AMANDA KADLEC

Die Moslem-Broederskap in Egipte

William Thomasson

Is Islam a religion of violence? Is the widely applied stereotype that all Muslims are violently opposed to “infidel” Western cultures accurate? Today’s world is confronted with two opposing faces of Islam; one being a peaceful, adaptive, modernized Islam, and the other strictly fundamentalist and against all things un-Islamic or that may corrupt Islamic culture. Both specimens, though seemingly opposed, mingle and inter-relate, and are the roots of the confusion over modern Islam’s true identity. Islam’s vastness makes it difficult to analyze, but one can focus on a particular Islamic region and learn much about Islam as a whole. Inderdaad, one may do this with Egypt, particularly the relationship between the Fundamentalist society known as the Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian government and population. The two opposing faces of Islam are presented in Egypt in a manageable portion, offering a smaller model of the general multi-national struggle of today’s Islam. In an effort to exemplify the role of Islamic Fundamentalists, and their relationship with Islamic society as a whole in the current debate over what Islam is, this essay will offer a history of the Society of Muslim Brothers, a description of how the organization originated, functioned, and was organized, and a summary of the Brother’s activities and influences on Egyptian culture. Certainly, by doing so, one may gain a deeper understanding of how Islamic Fundamentalists interpret Islam

Matig en fundamentele Islam

Angel Rabasa

Een van die komponente van hierdie studie is met betrekking tot 'n vraag wat ek gevra is om aan te spreek,dit is hoe radikale Islam verskil van matige of hoofstroom Islam. Frankly, one ofthe problems that we have found in the discourse about Islam is that the terms “radical”or “moderate” are often used in a subjective and imprecise way, without going through aprocess of critically examining what these terms mean. In some cases, the term radical ormilitant is defined in terms of support for terrorism or other forms of violence. Webelieve that this is too narrow a focus, that there is, in werklikheid, a much larger universe offundamentalist or Salafi groups who may not themselves practice violence, but thatpropagate an ideology that creates the conditions for violence and that is subversive ofthe values of democratic societies.

VAN ISLAMISTE EN STEMBUSSE

Vickie Langohr

As Islamist movements have gained strength across the Muslim world, their commitmentto democratic means of achieving and exercising power has been repeatedlyanalyzed. The question of whether resort to violence to achieve its goals is inherentin the Islamist project (that what some Islamists understand as a divine mandate toimplement sharia ultimately sanctions the use of force against dissenters) or contingent(that the violent exclusion of Islamists from the political arena has driven themto arms, best expressed by Franc¸ois Burgat’s contention that any Western politicalparty could be turned into the Armed Islamic Group in weeks if it were subjected tothe same repression Islamists had endured1) looms large in this debate. Where Islamistmovements have not had the opportunity to participate in elections for political office,analysts willing to give these movements the benefit of the democratic doubt arguethat their peaceful participation in the student body and syndicate elections that theyhave been allowed to contest proves their intention to respect the results of nationallevelelections.2 They also point to these groups’ repeated public commitment to playby the rules of the electoral game.3 The fact that the Muslim Brotherhood in Egyptand Jordan and members of the Islah Party in Yemen have successfully competed innot one but a series of parliamentary elections and evinced a tendency to wage theirbattles through parliament and the courts rather than by force suggests to many thatthe question of whether Islamists can ever be democrats has already been settled inthe affirmative.Analysts who are more skeptical of the possibility of a democratic Islamism generallyadvance one of two arguments. The first is procedural: that although some Islamistshave seemingly opted to effect change through the ballot box, they have chosenthis method only because they do not yet have the power to use more forceful ones.In a manner of speaking, this line of thinking accuses Islamists competing in parliamentarypolitics of engaging in political taqiyya, of parroting the rhetoric that democratswant to hear until they obtain sufficient power to abort the democratic politicalprocess and institute a policy of “one-man, one-vote, one-time.”

Brothers in Arms?

Within and between western governments, a heated policy debate is raging over the question of whether or not to engage with the world’s oldest and most influential political Islamist group: Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood. In 2006, publication of a series of leaked memos in the New Statesman magazine revealed that political analysts within the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office recommended an enhancement of informal contacts with members of the Brotherhood.

The authors of these documents argued that the UK government should be seeking to influence this group, given the extent of its grassroots support in Egypt. The British analysts further suggested that engagement could provide a valuable opportunity for challenging the Brotherhood’s perceptions of the West, including the UK, and for detailed questioning of their prescriptions for solving the challenges facing Egypt and the wider region.

The Bush administration in the United States has been far less open to the idea of direct engagement with the Muslim Brotherhood, arguing that it would be inappropriate to enter into formal ties with a group that is not legally recognised by the Egyptian government. However, there are indications that the US position may be starting to shift. In 2007, it emerged that the State Department had approved a policy that would enable US diplomats to meet and coordinate with elected Brotherhood leaders in Egypt, Iraq, Syria and other Arab states.