L-Entrati Kollha Tikkettati Bi: "Fratellanza"
Iżlamiżmu rivedut
MAHA AZZAM
Kultura Politika Iżlamika, Demokrazija, u Drittijiet tal-Bniedem
Daniele. Prezz
Democracy in Islamic Political Thought
Azzam S. Tamimi
Kultura Politika Iżlamika, Demokrazija, u Drittijiet tal-Bniedem
Daniele. Prezz
Partiti tal-Oppożizzjoni Iżlamiċi u l-Potenzjal għall-Impenn tal-UE
Toby Archer
Heidi Huuhtanen
In the Shadow of an Arab Caesar: Sayyid Qutb and the Radicalization of Modern Islamic Fundamentalism
Research
Islam politiku fil-Lvant Nofsani
Huma Knudsen
Partiti Iżlamiċi : why they can’t be democratic
Bassam Tibi
The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
William Thomasson
Is Islam a religion of violence? Is the widely applied stereotype that all Muslims are violently opposed to “infidel” Western cultures accurate? Today’s world is confronted with two opposing faces of Islam; one being a peaceful, adaptive, modernized Islam, and the other strictly fundamentalist and against all things un-Islamic or that may corrupt Islamic culture. Both specimens, though seemingly opposed, mingle and inter-relate, and are the roots of the confusion over modern Islam’s true identity. Islam’s vastness makes it difficult to analyze, but one can focus on a particular Islamic region and learn much about Islam as a whole. Tabilħaqq, one may do this with Egypt, particularly the relationship between the Fundamentalist society known as the Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian government and population. The two opposing faces of Islam are presented in Egypt in a manageable portion, offering a smaller model of the general multi-national struggle of today’s Islam. In an effort to exemplify the role of Islamic Fundamentalists, and their relationship with Islamic society as a whole in the current debate over what Islam is, this essay will offer a history of the Society of Muslim Brothers, a description of how the organization originated, functioned, and was organized, and a summary of the Brother’s activities and influences on Egyptian culture. Certainly, by doing so, one may gain a deeper understanding of how Islamic Fundamentalists interpret Islam
L-Evoluzzjoni Politika tal-Fratellanza Musulmana fl-Eġittu
Stephen Bennett
“Allah huwa l-objettiv tagħna. Il-Profeta huwa l-mexxej tagħna. Il-Koran huwa l-liġi tagħna. Jihad huwa mod tagħna. Il-mewt fit-triq ta’ Allah hija l-ogħla tama tagħna.”
Sa mill-bidu tagħha fl-Eġittu l-Fratellanza Musulmana ħolqot ħafna kontroversja, peress li xi wħud jargumentaw li l-organizzazzjoni hija favur il-vjolenza f'isem l-Islam. Skont Dr. Mamoun Fandy tal-James A. Baker III Istitut tal-Politika Pubblika, “ġiħadiżmu u l-attivazzjoni tal-fehmiet tad-dinja tad-dar tal-Islam u d-dar tal-gwerra huma l-ideat li ħarġu mill-kitbiet u t-tagħlim tal-Fratellanza Musulmana” (Livesy, 2005). L-evidenza primarja għal dan l-argument hija membru notevoli tal-Fratellanza, Sayeed Qutb, li huwa akkreditat li jiżviluppa l-interpretazzjoni reviżjonista u kontroversjali ta’ jihad li pprovdew ġustifikazzjonijiet reliġjużi għall-vjolenza mwettqa minn organizzazzjonijiet offshoot tal-Fratellanza bħal al-jihad, al-Takfir wa al-Hijra, Hamas, u al-Qaeda.
Madankollu dik għadha pożizzjoni dibattibbli, għax minkejja li hu l-ġenitur ideoloġiku ta’ dawn l-għaqdiet vjolenti, il-Fratellanza Musulmana stess dejjem żammet pożizzjoni uffiċjali kontra l-vjolenza u minflok ippromwoviet azzjoni ċivili u soċjali Iżlamika fil-livell tal-bażi. Fl-ewwel għoxrin sena tal-eżistenza tagħha l-Fratellanza Musulmana kisbet status bħala l-aktar influwenti mill-gruppi ewlenin kollha fil-Lvant Nofsani permezz tal-attiviżmu popolari tagħha.. It also spread from Egypt into other nations throughout the region and served as the catalyst for many of the successful popular liberation movements against Western colonialism in the Middle East.
While it has retained most of its founding principles from its inception, the Muslim Brotherhood has made a dramatic transformation in some crucial aspects of its political ideology. Formerly denounced by many as a terrorist organization, as of late the Muslim Brotherhood has been labeled by most current scholars of the Middle East as politically “moderate”, “politically centrist”, and “accommodationist” to Egypt’s political and governmental structures (Abed-Kotob, 1995, p. 321-322). Sana Abed-Kotob tgħidilna wkoll li mill-gruppi attwali tal-oppożizzjoni Iżlamika li jeżistu llum “aktar ‘radikali’ jew militanti ta’ dawn il-gruppi jinsistu fuq bidla rivoluzzjonarja li għandha tiġi imposta fuq il-massa u s-sistema politika., billi... il-Fratellanza Musulmana l-ġdida tal-Eġittu, sejħa għal bidla gradwali li għandha ssir minn ġewwa s-sistema politika u bl-ingaġġ tal-mases Musulmani”
Resolving America’s Islamist Dilemma
International Consultation of Muslim Intellectuals on Islam & Politika
Ċentru Stimson & Istitut tal-Istudji tal-Politika
This two-day discussion brought together experts and scholars from Bangladesh, L-Eġittu, India,L-Indoneżja, Kenya, Il-Malasja, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sudan and Sri Lanka representing academia,non-governmental organizations and think tanks. Among the participants were a number of former government officials and one sitting legislator. The participants were also chosen to comprise abroad spectrum of ideologies, including the religious and the secular, cultural, political andeconomic conservatives, liberals and radicals.The following themes characterized the discussion:1. Western and US (Mis)Understanding There is a fundamental failure by the West to understand the rich variety of intellectual currents andcross-currents in the Muslim world and in Islamic thought. What is underway in the Muslim worldis not a simple opposition to the West based on grievance (though grievances there also are), but are newal of thought and culture and an aspiration to seek development and to modernize withoutlosing their identity. This takes diverse forms, and cannot be understood in simple terms. There is particular resentment towards Western attempts to define the parameters of legitimate Islamicdiscourse. There is a sense that Islam suffers from gross over generalization, from its champions asmuch as from its detractors. It is strongly urged that in order to understand the nature of the Muslim renaissance, the West should study all intellectual elements within Muslim societies, and not only professedly Islamic discourse.US policy in the aftermath of 9/11 has had several effects. It has led to a hardening andradicalization on both sides of the Western-Muslim encounter. It has led to mutual broad brush(mis)characterization of the other and its intentions. It has contributed to a sense of pan-Islamicsolidarity unprecedented since the end of the Khilafat after World War I. It has also produced adegeneration of US policy, and a diminution of US power, influence and credibility. Fl-aħħarnett, theUS’ dualistic opposition of terror and its national interests has made the former an appealing instrument for those intent on resistance to the West.
Political Transitions in the Arab World
Dina Shehata
The year 2007 marked the end of a brief interval of political liberalization in the Arab world which began shortly after the occupation of Iraq and which resulted primarily from external pressures on Arab regimes to reform and democratize. External pressures during the 2003-2006 period created a political opening which activists across the region used to press for longstanding demands for political and constitutional reform.Faced with a combination of growing external and internal pressures to reform, Arab regimes were forced to make some concessions to their challengers.In Egypt, upon the request of the President, Parliament passed a constitutional amendment to allowfor direct competitive presidential elections. In September2005, Egypt witnessed its first competitive presidential election ever and as expected Mubarak was elected for a fifth term with 87%of the vote. Barra minn hekk,during the November 2005 parliamentary elections,which were freer than previous elections, il-Fratellanza Musulmana, the largest opposition movement in Egypt, won 88 seats. This was the largest number of seats won by an opposition group in Egypt since the 1952 revolution.Similarly, in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections, Hamas won a majority of the seats.Hamas was thereby able to establish control over the Palestinian Legislative Council which had been dominated by Fatah since the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1996. In Lebanon, in the wake of the assassination of Rafiq Hariri on 14th February2005, a coalition of pro-Hariri political forces was ablet hrough broad-based mass mobilization and external support to force Syrian troops to pull out from Lebanon and the pro-Syrian Government to resign. Elections were held, and the 14th February coalition was able to win a plurality of the votes and to form a new government.In Morocco, King Mohamed VI oversaw the establishment of a truth and reconciliation committee which sought to address the grievances of those who had been abused under the reign of his father.The Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC) also under took some important reforms during the 2003-2006 period. Fil 2003 Qatar promulgated a written constitution for the first time in its history. In 2005,Saudi Arabia convened municipal elections for the firsttime in five decades. And in 2006, Bahrain held parliamentaryelections in which the Shiite society of AlWefaqwon 40%of the seats. Subsequently, the first Shiitedeputy prime minister in Bahrain was appointed.Theses events, which came to be known as ‘the Arab Spring,’ led some optimists to believe that the Arabworld was on the brink of a democratic transformation similar to those experienced in Latin American and Eastern and Central Europe during the 1980s and1990s. Madankollu, fi 2007, as political liberalization gave way to heightened polarization and to renewed repression,these hopes were dispelled. The failure ofthe openings of the 2003-2006 period to create a sustained momentum towards democratization can beat tributed to a number of factors. The deteriorating security situation in Iraq and the failure of the United States to create a stable and democratic regime dampened support for democracy promotion efforts within the American administration and reinforced the views ofthose who held that security and stability must come before democracy. Barra minn hekk, the electoral successes of Islamists in Egypt and in Palestine further dampened Western support for democracy promotion efforts in the region since the principals of thesemovements were perceived to be at odds with the interestsof theWest.
Current Trends in the Ideology of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood
Dr. Israel Elad Altman
The American-led Middle East reform and democratization campaign of the last twoyears has helped shape a new political reality in Egypt. Opportunities have opened up fordissent. Maghna. u appoġġ Ewropew, local opposition groups have been able to takeinitiative, javvanzaw il-kawżi tagħhom u estratt konċessjonijiet mill-istat. The EgyptianMuslim Brotherhood movement (MB), which has been officially outlawed as a politicalorganization, is now among the groups facing both new opportunities and new risks.Western governments, inkluż il-gvern tal-Istati Uniti, are consideringthe MB and other “moderate Islamist” groups as potential partners in helping to advancedemocracy in their countries, u forsi wkoll fil-qerda tat-terroriżmu Iżlamiku. Couldthe Egyptian MB fill that role? Could it follow the track of the Turkish Justice andDevelopment Party (AKP) u l-Partit tal-Ġustizzja Prospera Indoneżjan (PKS), twoIslamist parties that, skond xi analisti, are successfully adapting to the rules ofliberal democracy and leading their countries toward greater integration with,rispettivament, Ewropa u Asja "pagana".?Dan l-artikolu jeżamina kif l-MB wieġeb għar-realtà l-ġdida, how it has handledthe ideological and practical challenges and dilemmas that have arisen during the pasttwo years. To what extent has the movement accommodated its outlook to newcircumstances? X'inhuma l-għanijiet tagħha u l-viżjoni tagħha tal-ordni politiku? How has itreacted to U.S. overtures u għall-kampanja ta' riforma u demokratizzazzjoni? How has itnavigated its relations with the Egyptian regime on one hand, and other opposition forceson the other, hekk kif il-pajjiż mexxa lejn żewġ elezzjonijiet drammatiċi fil-ħarifa 2005? Towhat extent can the MB be considered a force that might lead Egypt toward liberaldemocracy?
L-Ikhwan fl-Amerika ta 'Fuq: Storja Qasira
Douglas Farah
Ron Sandee
Il-każ attwali tal-qorti federali kontra l-Fondazzjoni tal-Art Imqaddsa għall-Għajnuna u l-Iżvilupp (HLF) f’Dallas, Texas,1 joffri ħarsa minn ġewwa bla preċedent lejn l-istorja tal-Fratellanza Musulmana fl-Istati Uniti, kif ukoll l-għanijiet u l-istruttura tagħha. Id-dokumenti jiddiskutu r-reklutaġġ, organizzazzjoni, ideoloġija u l-iżvilupp tal-organizzazzjoni f'fażijiet differenti fl-Istati Uniti. Il-prosekuzzjoni fil-każ ippreżentat ħafna dokumenti interni tal-Fratellanza Musulmana mis-snin tmenin u l-bidu tad-disgħinijiet li jagħtu l-ewwel darba., ħarsa pubblika tal-istorja u l-ideoloġija wara l-operazzjonijiet tal-Aħwa Musulmani (magħrufa bħala l-Ikhwan jew Il-Grupp) fl-Istati Uniti. matul l-aħħar erba’ deċennji. Għar-riċerkaturi, id-dokumenti għandhom il-piż miżjud li jinkitbu mill-mexxejja Ikhwan infushom, aktar milli interpretazzjonijiet ta’ sorsi sekondarji.
Brothers in Arms?
Within and between western governments, a heated policy debate is raging over the question of whether or not to engage with the world’s oldest and most influential political Islamist group: Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood. Fil 2006, publication of a series of leaked memos in the New Statesman magazine revealed that political analysts within the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office recommended an enhancement of informal contacts with members of the Brotherhood.
The authors of these documents argued that the UK government should be seeking to influence this group, given the extent of its grassroots support in Egypt. The British analysts further suggested that engagement could provide a valuable opportunity for challenging the Brotherhood’s perceptions of the West, including the UK, and for detailed questioning of their prescriptions for solving the challenges facing Egypt and the wider region.
The Bush administration in the United States has been far less open to the idea of direct engagement with the Muslim Brotherhood, arguing that it would be inappropriate to enter into formal ties with a group that is not legally recognised by the Egyptian government. Madankollu, there are indications that the US position may be starting to shift. Fil 2007, it emerged that the State Department had approved a policy that would enable US diplomats to meet and coordinate with elected Brotherhood leaders in Egypt, Iraq, Syria and other Arab states.