Alle Entries Tagged Met: "Ikhwan"
Islamisme Revisited
MAHA Azzam
Islamitiese politieke kultuur, Demokrasie, en Menseregte
Daniel E. Prys
Demokrasie in Islamitiese Politieke Denke
Azzam S. Tamimi
Islamitiese politieke kultuur, Demokrasie, en Menseregte
Daniel E. Prys
Islamistiese opposisiepartye en die potensiaal vir EU -betrokkenheid
Toby Archer
Heidi Huuhtanen
In die skaduwee van 'n Arabiese Caesar: Sayyid Qutb en die Radikalisering van Moderne Islamitiese Fundamentalisme
Navorsing
Politieke Islam in die Midde -Ooste
Is Knudsen
Islamitiese partye : hoekom hulle kan nie demokratiese
Bassam Tibi
Die Moslem-Broederskap in Egipte
William Thomasson
Is Islam a religion of violence? Is the widely applied stereotype that all Muslims are violently opposed to “infidel” Western cultures accurate? Today’s world is confronted with two opposing faces of Islam; one being a peaceful, adaptive, modernized Islam, and the other strictly fundamentalist and against all things un-Islamic or that may corrupt Islamic culture. Both specimens, though seemingly opposed, mingle and inter-relate, and are the roots of the confusion over modern Islam’s true identity. Islam’s vastness makes it difficult to analyze, but one can focus on a particular Islamic region and learn much about Islam as a whole. Inderdaad, one may do this with Egypt, particularly the relationship between the Fundamentalist society known as the Muslim Brotherhood and the Egyptian government and population. The two opposing faces of Islam are presented in Egypt in a manageable portion, offering a smaller model of the general multi-national struggle of today’s Islam. In an effort to exemplify the role of Islamic Fundamentalists, and their relationship with Islamic society as a whole in the current debate over what Islam is, this essay will offer a history of the Society of Muslim Brothers, a description of how the organization originated, functioned, and was organized, and a summary of the Brother’s activities and influences on Egyptian culture. Certainly, by doing so, one may gain a deeper understanding of how Islamic Fundamentalists interpret Islam
Die politieke ontwikkeling van die Moslem-Broederskap in Egipte
Stephen Bennett
“Allah is our objective. Die Profeet is ons leier. Qur’an is our law. Jihad is our way. Dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope.”
Sedert die vroeë dae in Egipte die Moslem Broederskap baie omstredenheid geskep het, as some argue that the organization advocates violence in the name of Islam. According to Dr. Mamoun Fandy of the James A. Baker III Institute of Public Policy, “jihadism and the activation of the views of the world of the house of Islam and the house of war are the ideas that emerged from the writings and the teachings of the Muslim Brotherhood” (Livesy, 2005). The primary evidence for this argument is notable member of the Brotherhood, Sayeed Qutb, who is credited with developing the revisionist and controversial interpretation of jihad that provided religious justifications for violence committed by offshoot organizations of the Brotherhood like al-jihad, al-Takfir wa al-Hijra, Hamas, en al-Qaeda.
Yet that is still a debatable position, because despite being the ideological parent of these violent organizations, the Muslim Brotherhood itself has always maintained an official stance against violence and instead has promoted Islamic civil and social action at the grassroots level. Within the first twenty years of its existence the Muslim Brotherhood gained status as the most influential of all major groups in the Middle East through its popular activism. It also spread from Egypt into other nations throughout the region and served as the catalyst for many of the successful popular liberation movements against Western colonialism in the Middle East.
While it has retained most of its founding principles from its inception, the Muslim Brotherhood has made a dramatic transformation in some crucial aspects of its political ideology. Formerly denounced by many as a terrorist organization, as of late the Muslim Brotherhood has been labeled by most current scholars of the Middle East as politically “moderate”, “politically centrist”, and “accommodationist” to Egypt’s political and governmental structures (Abed-Kotob, 1995, p. 321-322). Sana Abed-Kotob also tells us that of the current Islamist opposition groups that exist today “the more ‘radical’ or militant of these groups insist upon revolutionary change that is to be imposed on the masses and political system, whereas… the new Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt, call for gradual change that is to be undertaken from within the political system and with the enlistment of the Muslim masses”
Probleme Amerika se isla Dilemma
Internasionale Raadpleging van Moslem intellectuelen oor die Islam & Politiek
Stimson Sentrum & Instituut vir Policy Studies
Hierdie twee-dag gesprek bymekaar gebring kundiges en akademici uit Bangladesh, Egipte, Indië,Indonesië, Kenia, Maleisië, Pakistan, die Filippyne, Soedan en Sri Lanka verteenwoordig akademie,nie-regeringsorganisasies en think tanks. Onder die deelnemers is 'n aantal voormalige regeringsamptenare en een sitting wetgever. The participants were also chosen to comprise abroad spectrum of ideologies, including the religious and the secular, cultural, political andeconomic conservatives, liberals and radicals.The following themes characterized the discussion:1. Western and US (Mis)Understanding There is a fundamental failure by the West to understand the rich variety of intellectual currents andcross-currents in the Muslim world and in Islamic thought. What is underway in the Muslim worldis not a simple opposition to the West based on grievance (though grievances there also are), but are newal of thought and culture and an aspiration to seek development and to modernize withoutlosing their identity. This takes diverse forms, and cannot be understood in simple terms. There is particular resentment towards Western attempts to define the parameters of legitimate Islamicdiscourse. There is a sense that Islam suffers from gross over generalization, from its champions asmuch as from its detractors. It is strongly urged that in order to understand the nature of the Muslim renaissance, the West should study all intellectual elements within Muslim societies, and not only professedly Islamic discourse.US policy in the aftermath of 9/11 has had several effects. It has led to a hardening andradicalization on both sides of the Western-Muslim encounter. It has led to mutual broad brush(mis)characterization of the other and its intentions. It has contributed to a sense of pan-Islamicsolidarity unprecedented since the end of the Khilafat after World War I. It has also produced adegeneration of US policy, and a diminution of US power, influence and credibility. uiteindelik, theUS’ dualistic opposition of terror and its national interests has made the former an appealing instrument for those intent on resistance to the West.
Politieke oorgange in die Arabiese wêreld
Dina Shehata
Die jaar 2007 marked the end of a brief interval of political liberalization in the Arab world which began shortly after the occupation of Iraq and which resulted primarily from external pressures on Arab regimes to reform and democratize. External pressures during the 2003-2006 period created a political opening which activists across the region used to press for longstanding demands for political and constitutional reform.Faced with a combination of growing external and internal pressures to reform, Arab regimes were forced to make some concessions to their challengers.In Egypt, upon the request of the President, Parliament passed a constitutional amendment to allowfor direct competitive presidential elections. In September2005, Egypt witnessed its first competitive presidential election ever and as expected Mubarak was elected for a fifth term with 87%of the vote. Verder,during the November 2005 parlementêre verkiesings,which were freer than previous elections, die Moslem-broederskap, the largest opposition movement in Egypt, won 88 seats. This was the largest number of seats won by an opposition group in Egypt since the 1952 revolution.Similarly, in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections, Hamas won a majority of the seats.Hamas was thereby able to establish control over the Palestinian Legislative Council which had been dominated by Fatah since the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1996. In Libanon, in the wake of the assassination of Rafiq Hariri on 14th February2005, 'n koalisie van pro-Hariri politieke magte kon deur breë-gebaseerde massamobilisering en eksterne ondersteuning Siriese troepe dwing om uit Libanon te trek en die pro-Siriese regering om te bedank. Verkiesings is gehou, en die 14de Februarie-koalisie kon 'n pluraliteit van die stemme wen en 'n nuwe regering vorm.In Marokko, Koning Mohamed VI het toesig gehou oor die instelling van 'n waarheids- en versoeningskomitee wat probeer het om die griewe van diegene wat onder die bewind van sy vader mishandel is, aan te spreek. Die Golf Samewerkingsraad lande (GCC) ook onder het 'n paar belangrike hervormings tydens die 2003-2006 tydperk. In 2003 Katar het vir die eerste keer in sy geskiedenis 'n geskrewe grondwet afgekondig. In 2005 het Saoedi-Arabië vir die eerste keer in vyf dekades munisipale verkiesings byeengeroep. En in 2006, Bahrain held parliamentaryelections in which the Shiite society of AlWefaqwon 40%of the seats. Subsequently, the first Shiitedeputy prime minister in Bahrain was appointed.Theses events, which came to be known as ‘the Arab Spring,’ led some optimists to believe that the Arabworld was on the brink of a democratic transformation similar to those experienced in Latin American and Eastern and Central Europe during the 1980s and1990s. Egter, in 2007, as political liberalization gave way to heightened polarization and to renewed repression,these hopes were dispelled. The failure ofthe openings of the 2003-2006 period to create a sustained momentum towards democratization can beat tributed to a number of factors. The deteriorating security situation in Iraq and the failure of the United States to create a stable and democratic regime dampened support for democracy promotion efforts within the American administration and reinforced the views ofthose who held that security and stability must come before democracy. Verder, the electoral successes of Islamists in Egypt and in Palestine further dampened Western support for democracy promotion efforts in the region since the principals of thesemovements were perceived to be at odds with the interestsof theWest.
Huidige tendense in die ideologie van die Egiptiese Moslem-broederskap
Dr. Israel elad Altman
The American-led Middle East reform and democratization campaign of the last twoyears has helped shape a new political reality in Egypt. Opportunities have opened up fordissent. Met ons. en Europese steun, local opposition groups have been able to takeinitiative, hul sake bevorder en toegewings uit die staat haal. The EgyptianMuslim Brotherhood movement (MB), which has been officially outlawed as a politicalorganization, is now among the groups facing both new opportunities and new risks.Western governments, insluitend die regering van die Verenigde State, are consideringthe MB and other “moderate Islamist” groups as potential partners in helping to advancedemocracy in their countries, en miskien ook om Islamitiese terrorisme uit te roei. Couldthe Egyptian MB fill that role? Could it follow the track of the Turkish Justice andDevelopment Party (Die Oseaan) en die Indonesiese Welvaartparty (MCC), twoIslamist parties that, volgens sommige ontleders, are successfully adapting to the rules ofliberal democracy and leading their countries toward greater integration with,onderskeidelik, Europa en 'n 'heidense' Asië?Hierdie artikel ondersoek hoe die MB op die nuwe werklikheid gereageer het, how it has handledthe ideological and practical challenges and dilemmas that have arisen during the pasttwo years. To what extent has the movement accommodated its outlook to newcircumstances? Wat is sy doelstellings en sy visie op die politieke bestel? How has itreacted to U.S. openings en die hervormings- en demokratiseringsveldtog? How has itnavigated its relations with the Egyptian regime on one hand, and other opposition forceson the other, toe die land in die herfs op pad was na twee dramatiese verkiesings 2005? Towhat extent can the MB be considered a force that might lead Egypt toward liberaldemocracy?
Die Ikhwan in Noord-Amerika: 'N Kort Geskiedenis
Douglas Farah
Ron Sandee
Die huidige federale hof saak teen die Heilige Land Stigting vir Retief en Ontwikkeling (HLF) in Dallas, Texas,1 bied 'n ongekende binne kyk na die geskiedenis van die Moslem-broederskap in die Verenigde State, sowel as die doelwitte en strukture. Die dokumente bespreek werwing, organisasie, ideologie en die ontwikkeling van die organisasie in verskillende fases in die Verenigde State. Die vervolging in die geval het aangebied baie interne Moslem-broederskap dokumente uit die 1980's en vroeë 1990's wat gee 'n eerste-ooit, openbare siening van die geskiedenis en ideologie agter die werksaamhede van die Moslem-broers (bekend as die Ikhwan of die groep) in die VSA. oor die afgelope vier dekades. Vir navorsers, die dokumente het die bykomende gewig van wat geskryf is deur die Ikhwan leiers hulself, eerder as interpretasies van sekondêre bronne.
Brothers in Arms?
Binne en tussen westerse regerings, 'n verhitte politieke debat is woedende oor die vraag of om betrokke te raak nie met die wêreld se oudste en mees invloedryke politieke Islamitiese groep: Egipte se Moslem-broederskap. In 2006, publikasie van 'n reeks van uitgelek memo in die New Statesman tydskrif die lig gebring dat politieke analiste binne die Britse minister van buitelandse en Statebond Kantoor aanbeveel om' n verbetering van informele kontakte met lede van die Brotherhood.
Die skrywers van hierdie dokumente het aangevoer dat die Britse regering moet probeer word hierdie groep te beïnvloed, gegewe die omvang van sy voetsoolvlak ondersteuning in Egipte. Die Britse ontleders verder voorgestel dat betrokkenheid kan 'n waardevolle geleentheid om voorsiening te maak vir uitdagende die Broederskap se persepsies van die Weste, insluitend die Verenigde Koninkryk, en vir 'n gedetailleerde ondervraging van hul vereistes vir die oplossing van die uitdagings wat Egipte en die wyer streek.
Die Bush-administrasie in die Verenigde State is veel minder oop vir die idee van direkte betrokkenheid by die Moslem-broederskap, argument dat dit onvanpas sou wees om in formele bande met 'n groep wat wettiglik nie erken deur die Egiptiese regering. Egter, Daar is aanduidings dat die posisie van die VSA kan begin word om te skuif. In 2007, dit na vore gekom dat die State Department 'n beleid wat Amerikaanse diplomate in staat stel om te ontmoet en te koördineer met verkose leiers Broederskap in Egipte goedgekeur het, Irak, Sirië en ander Arabiese lande.