RSSTous les articles taggés avec: "Amr Hamzawy"

MOUVEMENTS ISLAMISTES ET PROCESSUS DEMOCRATIQUE DANS LE MONDE ARABE: Explorer les zones grises

Nathan J. Brun, Amr Hamzawy,

Marina Ottaway

Au cours de la dernière décennie, Les mouvements islamistes se sont imposés comme des acteurs politiques majeurs au Moyen-Orient. En collaboration avec les gouvernements, Mouvements islamistes, modérée comme radicale, déterminera comment la politique de la région se déroulera dans un avenir prévisible. Ils ont montré leur capacité non seulement à élaborer des messages avec un large attrait populaire, mais aussi, et, surtout, créer des organisations avec de véritables bases sociales et développer des stratégies politiques cohérentes. Autres parties,
dans l'ensemble, ont échoué sur tous les comptes.
Le public occidental et, en particulier, les États Unis, n'a pris conscience de l'importance des mouvements islamistes qu'après des événements dramatiques, comme la révolution en Iran et l'assassinat du président Anwar al-Sadate en Égypte. L'attention est beaucoup plus soutenue depuis les attentats terroristes de septembre 11, 2001. Par conséquent, Les mouvements islamistes sont largement considérés comme dangereux et hostiles. Bien qu'une telle caractérisation soit exacte en ce qui concerne les organisations à l'extrémité radicale du spectre islamiste, qui sont dangereux en raison de leur volonté de recourir à la violence aveugle dans la poursuite de leurs objectifs, ce n'est pas une caractérisation précise des nombreux groupes qui ont renoncé à la violence ou qui l'ont évitée. Parce que les organisations terroristes posent un problème immédiat
menace, cependant, les décideurs politiques de tous les pays ont accordé une attention disproportionnée aux organisations violentes.
Ce sont les principales organisations islamistes, pas les radicaux, qui aura le plus grand impact sur l'évolution politique future du Moyen-Orient. Les objectifs grandioses des radicaux de rétablir un califat unissant tout le monde arabe, ou même d'imposer à chaque pays arabe des lois et des coutumes sociales inspirées par une interprétation fondamentaliste de l'islam sont tout simplement trop éloignées de la réalité d'aujourd'hui pour être réalisées. Cela ne signifie pas que les groupes terroristes ne sont pas dangereux - ils pourraient causer de grandes pertes de vie même dans la poursuite d'objectifs impossibles - mais qu'ils ne sont pas susceptibles de changer la face du Moyen-Orient.. Les organisations islamistes dominantes sont généralement une autre affaire. Ils ont déjà eu un impact puissant sur les coutumes sociales dans de nombreux pays, arrêter et inverser les tendances laïques et changer la façon dont de nombreux Arabes s'habillent et se comportent. Et leur objectif politique immédiat, devenir une force puissante en participant à la politique normale de leur pays, n'est pas impossible. Il se réalise déjà dans des pays comme le Maroc, Jordanie, et même l'Egypte, qui interdit toujours toutes les organisations politiques islamistes mais compte désormais quatre-vingt-huit Frères musulmans au Parlement. Politique, pas violent, est ce qui donne aux islamistes dominants leur influence.

Bulletin de la réforme arabe

group of researchers


Egypte: Regression in the Muslim Brotherhood’s Party Platform?

Amr hamzawy


The Muslim Brotherhood’s draft party platform sends mixed signals about the movement’s political views

and positions. Although it has already been widely circulated, the document does not yet have final
approval from the movement’s guidance bureau.
The platform’s detailed treatment of political, social, and economic issues marks a significant departure
from previously less developed positions, articulated inter alia in a 2004 reform initiative and the 2005
electoral platform for Brotherhood parliamentary candidates. This shift addresses one of the most
important criticisms of the Brotherhood, namely its championing of vague ideological and religious

slogans and inability to come up with specific policy prescriptions.
The document raises troubling questions, cependant, regarding the identity of a future Brotherhood

political party as well as the group’s position on several political and social issues. Released in the
context of an ongoing stand-off between the Egyptian regime and the Brotherhood, it reveals significant
ambiguities and perhaps regression in the movement’s thinking.
Première, the drafters chose not to address the future relationship between the party and the movement. Dans

doing so, they have deliberately ignored important ideas recently discussed within the movement,
especially among members of the parliamentary bloc. Inspired by the experiences of Islamist parties in
Maroc, Jordanie, et Yémen, these members advocate a functional separation between a party and
the movement, with the former focused mainly on political participation and the latter on religious
activism. In addition to its superficial treatment of the nature of the party and its internal organization, le
platform includes no clear statement on opening party membership to all Egyptians regardless of their
religion, one of the requirements for establishing a political party according to the Egyptian constitution.
Deuxième, the draft Brotherhood platform identifies implementation of sharia as one of the party’s main

goals. Although this is consistent with the group’s interpretation of Article 2 of the Egyptian Constitution
(“Islam is the religion of the state, and Islamic law is the main source of legislation”), it departs from the
pragmatic spirit of various Brotherhood statements and initiatives since 2004 in which less emphasis
was given to the sharia issue. The return to a focus on sharia in the platform has led to positions
fundamentally at odds with the civil nature of the state and full citizenship rights regardless of religious
affiliation.

Causes et conséquences de la farce des élections locales en Égypte

Mohammed Herzallah

Amr Hamzawy

Egypt’s local elections of April 8, 2008 were a confirmation of a backwardslide in Egyptian politics. They were plagued by social unrest and politicaldiscord. In the weeks prior to the elections, labor protests escalated,precipitating a harsh crackdown that resulted in at least two fatalities and many injuries.The country’s largest opposition force, les Frères musulmans, decided at the last minute to boycott the elections. Voter turn out did not exceed 5 percent and the ruling National Democratic Party (NPD),facing virtually no competition, landed a sweeping victory—winning roughly95 percent of the seats at stake.These developments bring to light a broader deterioration in Egyptian politics.Three elements of this process stand out and deserve careful attention:

Première, the burgeoning social crisis caused by out of control inflation, acrippled welfare system, and persistent unemployment;

• Second, a return to the old authoritarian practices of the rulingestablishment; et

• Third, worrying signs that call into question the very existence of aviable opposition capable of advancing reform through the political process.

Le programme du Parti Projet de la Fraternité musulmane égyptienne

Nathan J. Brun
Amr Hamzawy

In the late summer 2007, amid great anticipation from Egypt’s ruling elite and opposition movements, the Muslim Brotherhood distributed the first draft of a party platform to a group of intellectuals and analysts. The platform was not to serve as a document for an existing political party or even one about to be founded: the Brotherhood remains without legal recognition in Egypt and Egypt’s rulers and the laws they have enacted make the prospect of legal recognition for a Brotherhood-founded party seem distant. But the Brotherhood’s leadership clearly wished to signal what sort of party they would found if allowed to do so.

With the circulation of the draft document, the movement opened its doors to discussion and even contentious debate about the main ideas of the platform, the likely course of the Brotherhood’s political role, and the future of its relationship with other political forces in the country.1 In this paper, we seek to answer four questions concerning the Brotherhood’s

party platform:

1. What are the specific controversies and divisions generated by the platform?


2. Why and how has the platform proved so divisive?


3. Given the divisions it caused as well as the inauspicious political environment,

why was a platform drafted at this time?


4. How will these controversies likely be resolved?


We also offer some observations about the Brotherhood’s experience with

drafting a party platform and demonstrate how its goals have only been partly

met. Ultimately, the integration of the Muslim Brotherhood as a normal political

actor will depend not only on the movement’s words but also on the deeds

of a regime that seems increasingly hostile to the Brotherhood’s political role.