L-Iskrizzjonijiet kollha fil- "It-Turkija" Kategorija
L-ISLAM, DEMOKRAZIJA & L-Istati Uniti:
Fondazzjoni Cordoba
Abdullah Faliq |
Intro ,
Minkejja li huwa kemm dibattitu perenni kif ukoll kumpless, Arches Quarterly jeżamina mill-ġdid minn raġunijiet teoloġiċi u prattiċi, id-dibattitu importanti dwar ir-relazzjoni u l-kompatibilità bejn l-Islam u d-Demokrazija, kif imtenni fl-aġenda ta’ tama u bidla ta’ Barack Obama. Filwaqt li ħafna jiċċelebraw l-axxendent ta’ Obama fl-Uffiċċju Ovali bħala katarsi nazzjonali għall-Istati Uniti, oħrajn jibqgħu inqas ottimisti dwar bidla fl-ideoloġija u l-approċċ fl-arena internazzjonali. Filwaqt li ħafna mit-tensjoni u n-nuqqas ta’ fiduċja bejn id-dinja Musulmana u l-Istati Uniti jistgħu jiġu attribwiti għall-approċċ tal-promozzjoni tad-demokrazija, tipikament jiffavorixxu dittatorjati u reġimi tal-pupazzi li jħallsu s-servizz bla xkiel għall-valuri demokratiċi u d-drittijiet tal-bniedem, il-konsegwenza ta ' 9/11 tassew ikkummenta aktar id-dubji permezz tal-pożizzjoni ta ’l-Amerika dwar l-Islam politiku. Ħoloq ħajt ta ’negattività kif jinstab minn worldpublicopinion.org, skond liema 67% tal-Eġizzjani jemmnu li globalment l-Amerika għandha rwol "prinċipalment negattiv".
Ir-rispons ta ’l-Amerika b’hekk kien xieraq. Billi jeleġġi lil Obama, ħafna madwar id-dinja qed jagħżlu t-tamiet tagħhom biex jiżviluppaw inqas beligeranti, iżda politika barranija aktar ġusta lejn id-dinja Musulmana. It-test għal Obama, kif niddiskutu, huwa kif l-Amerika u l-alleati tagħha jippromwovu d-demokrazija. Se jkun qed jiffaċilita jew jimponi?
Barra minn hekk, jista 'jkun importanti li jkun sensar onest f'żoni mtawla ta' kunflitti? Ir-rikors għall-għarfien espert u għarfien tal-prolifi
c studjużi, akkademiċi, ġurnalisti u politiċi imħawwar, Arches Quarterly joħroġ għar-relazzjoni bejn l-Iżlam u d-Demokrazija u r-rwol tal-Amerika - kif ukoll il-bidliet li ġab Obama, fit-tfittxija tal-bażi komuni. Anas Altikriti, il-Kap Eżekuttiv tal-Fondazzjoni Cordoba jipprovdi l-gambit tal-ftuħ għal din id-diskussjoni, fejn jirrifletti fuq it-tamiet u l-isfidi li jistrieħu fit-triq ta ’Obama. Wara Altikriti, l-eks konsulent tal-President Nixon, Dr Robert Crane joffri analiżi bir-reqqa tal-prinċipju Iżlamiku tad-dritt għal-libertà. Anwar Ibrahim, eks Deputat Prim Ministru tal-Malasja, tarrikkixxi d-diskussjoni bir-realtajiet prattiċi tal-implimentazzjoni tad-demokrazija f'soċjetajiet dominanti Musulmani, jiġifieri, fl-Indoneżja u l-Malasja.
Għandna wkoll lil Dr Shireen Hunter, ta 'l-Università ta' Georgetown, L-Istati Uniti, li jesplora pajjiżi Musulmani li għadhom lura fid-demokratizzazzjoni u l-modernizzazzjoni. Dan huwa kkumplimentat minn kittieb tat-terroriżmu, L-ispjegazzjoni ta ’Dr Nafeez Ahmed dwar il-kriżi ta’ wara l-modernità u l-
mewt tad-demokrazija. Dr Daud Abdullah (Direttur tal-Lvant Nofsani Media Monitor), Alan Hart (ex korrispondent tal-ITN u tal-BBC Panorama; awtur taż-Żjoniżmu: L-Għedewwa Veru tal-Lhud) u Asem Sondos (Editur ta ’kull ġimgħa ta’ l-Eġittu Sawt Al Omma) tikkonċentra fuq Obama u r-rwol tiegħu vis-à-vis il-promozzjoni tad-demokrazija fid-dinja Musulmana, kif ukoll ir-relazzjonijiet tal-Istati Uniti mal-Iżrael u l-Fratellanza Musulmana.
Il-Ministru tal-Affarijiet Barranin jixxandar, Maldivi, Ahmed Shaheed jispekula dwar il-futur tal-Iżlam u d-Demokrazija; Cllr. Gerry Maclochlainn
– membru tas-Sinn Féin li ġarrab erba' snin ħabs għal attivitajiet Repubblikani Irlandiżi u kampanjatur għall-Guildford 4 u Birmingham 6, jirrifletti fuq il-vjaġġ reċenti tiegħu f'Gaża fejn ra l-impatt tal-brutalità u l-inġustizzja li saru kontra l-Palestinjani; Dr Marie Breen-Smyth, Id-Direttur taċ-Ċentru għall-Istudju tar-Radikalizzazzjoni u l-Vjolenza Politika Kontemporanja jiddiskuti l-isfidi tar-riċerka kritika tat-terrur politiku; Dr Khalid al-Mubarak, kittieb u drammaturgu, jiddiskuti prospetti ta' paċi fid-Darfur; u fl-aħħar il-ġurnalist u attivist tad-drittijiet tal-bniedem Ashur Shamis iħares b’mod kritiku lejn id-demokratizzazzjoni u l-politiċizzazzjoni tal-Musulmani llum.
Nittamaw li dan kollu jagħmel qari komprensiv u sors ta 'riflessjoni fuq kwistjonijiet li jaffettwawna lkoll f'dawl ġdid ta' tama.
Grazzi
| Settembru 07, 2010 | Kummenti 0
Kultura Politika Iżlamika, Demokrazija, u Drittijiet tal-Bniedem
Daniele. Prezz
Ġie argumentat li l-Iżlam jiffaċilita l-awtoritarjaniżmu, jikkontradixxi l-valuri tas-soċjetajiet tal-Punent, u taffettwa b'mod sinifikanti riżultati politiċi importanti fin-nazzjonijiet Musulmani. Konsegwentement, studjużi, kummentaturi, u l-uffiċjali tal-gvern ta’ spiss jindikaw ‘‘fundamentaliżmu Iżlamiku’’ bħala t-theddida ideoloġika li jmiss għad-demokraziji liberali. Din il-fehma, madankollu, hija bbażata primarjament fuq l-analiżi tat-testi, Teorija politika Islamika, u studji ad hoc ta’ pajjiżi individwali, li ma jqisux fatturi oħra. Hija l-argument tiegħi li t-testi u t-tradizzjonijiet tal-Islam, bħal dawk ta’ reliġjonijiet oħra, jistgħu jintużaw biex jappoġġjaw varjetà ta’ sistemi u politiki politiċi. Studji speċifiċi għall-pajjiż u deskrittivi ma jgħinunax insibu mudelli li jgħinuna nispjegaw ir-relazzjonijiet differenti bejn l-Islam u l-politika madwar il-pajjiżi tad-dinja Musulmana.. Għalhekk, approċċ ġdid għall-istudju tal-
konnessjoni bejn l-Islam u l-politika hija mitluba.
Nissuġġerixxi, permezz ta’ evalwazzjoni rigoruża tar-relazzjoni bejn l-Islam, demokrazija, u d-drittijiet tal-bniedem fil-livell transnazzjonali, li qed titpoġġa wisq enfasi fuq il-qawwa tal-Iżlam bħala forza politika. L-ewwel nuża studji ta' każijiet komparattivi, li jiffokaw fuq fatturi relatati mal-interazzjoni bejn gruppi u reġimi Iżlamiċi, influwenzi ekonomiċi, qsim etniku, u l-iżvilupp tas-soċjetà, biex tispjega l-varjanza fl-influwenza tal-Islam fuq il-politika madwar tmien nazzjonijiet. Nargumenta li ħafna mill-poter
attribwit lill-Iżlam bħala l-mutur wara l-politiki u s-sistemi politiċi fin-nazzjonijiet Musulmani jistgħu jiġu spjegati aħjar mill-fatturi msemmija qabel. Insib ukoll, kuntrarju għat-twemmin komuni, li s-saħħa dejjem tikber tal-gruppi politiċi Iżlamiċi spiss ġiet assoċjata ma’ pluralizzazzjoni modesta tas-sistemi politiċi.
Bnejt indiċi tal-kultura politika Iżlamika, ibbażat fuq il-punt sa fejn il-liġi Iżlamika tiġi utilizzata u jekk u, jekk iva, kif,Ideat tal-Punent, istituzzjonijiet, u t-teknoloġiji huma implimentati, biex tittestja n-natura tar-relazzjoni bejn l-Islam u d-demokrazija u l-Islam u d-drittijiet tal-bniedem. Dan l-indikatur jintuża fl-analiżi statistika, li jinkludi kampjun ta’ tlieta u għoxrin pajjiż fil-biċċa l-kbira Musulmani u grupp ta’ kontroll ta’ tlieta u għoxrin pajjiż li qed jiżviluppaw mhux Musulmani. Minbarra li tqabbel
Nazzjonijiet Iżlamiċi għal nazzjonijiet li qed jiżviluppaw mhux Iżlamiċi, analiżi statistika tippermettili nikkontrolla għall-influwenza ta’ varjabbli oħra li nstabu li jaffettwaw il-livelli ta’ demokrazija u l-protezzjoni tad-drittijiet individwali. Ir-riżultat għandu jkun stampa aktar realistika u preċiża tal-influwenza tal-Islam fuq il-politika u l-politiki.
| Settembru 06, 2010 | Kummenti 0
PREĊIŻJONI FIL-GWERRA GLOBALI DWAR IT-TERROR:
Sherifa zuhur
Seba’ snin wara Settembru 11, 2001 (9/11) attakki, ħafna esperti jemmnu li l-al-Qa'ida reġgħet kisbet is-saħħa u li l-kopja jew l-affiljati tagħha huma aktar letali minn qabel. L-Istima ta' l-Intelliġenza Nazzjonali ta' 2007 sostna li al-Qa’ida hija aktar perikoluża issa minn qabel 9/11.1 L-emulaturi ta’ Al-Qa’ida jkomplu jheddu l-Punent, Lvant Nofsani, u nazzjonijiet Ewropej, bħal fil-plott żbaljat f'Settembru 2007 fil-Ġermanja. Bruce Riedel jiddikjara: Grazzi l-aktar għall-ħeġġa ta’ Washington li jmur fl-Iraq aktar milli jikkaċċa lill-mexxejja tal-al Qaeda, l-organizzazzjoni issa għandha bażi soda ta 'operazzjonijiet fil-badlands tal-Pakistan u franchise effettiva fil-Punent tal-Iraq. Il-firxa tagħha nfirxet mad-dinja Musulmana u fl-Ewropa . . . Osama bin Laden organizza kampanja ta’ propaganda ta’ suċċess. . . . L-ideat tiegħu issa jattiraw aktar segwaċi minn qatt qabel.
Huwa minnu li diversi organizzazzjonijiet salafi-jihadist għadhom qed jitfaċċaw madwar id-dinja Iżlamika. Għaliex risponsi ħafna riżorsi għat-terroriżmu Iżlamiku li qed insejħu jihad globali ma ppruvawx estremament effettivi?
Nimxu għall-għodod ta '"soft power,” xi ngħidu dwar l-effikaċja tal-isforzi tal-Punent biex isaħħu lill-Musulmani fil-Gwerra Globali kontra t-Terroriżmu (GWOT)? Għaliex l-Istati Uniti rebħu daqshekk ftit "qlub u mħuħ" fid-dinja Iżlamika usa'? Għaliex il-messaġġi strateġiċi Amerikani dwar din il-kwistjoni jilagħbu daqshekk ħażin fir-reġjun? Għaliex, minkejja diżapprovazzjoni Musulmana wiesgħa tal-estremiżmu kif muri fi stħarriġ u stqarrijiet uffiċjali minn mexxejja Musulmani ewlenin, għandu l-appoġġ għal bin Ladin fil-fatt żdied fil-Ġordan u fil-Pakistan?
Din il-monografija mhux se tirrevedi l-oriġini tal-vjolenza Iżlamista. Minflok hija mħassba b’tip ta’ falliment kunċettwali li jibni ħażin il-GWOT u li jiskoraġġixxi lill-Musulmani milli jappoġġjawh. Huma ma jistgħux jidentifikaw mal-kontromiżuri trasformattivi proposti minħabba li jagħrfu xi wħud mit-twemmin u l-istituzzjonijiet ewlenin tagħhom bħala miri fil-
dan l-isforz.
Diversi xejriet problematiċi profondament iħawdu l-kunċettwali Amerikani tal-GWOT u l-messaġġi strateġiċi mfassla biex tiġġieled dik il-Gwerra.. Dawn jevolvu minn (1) approċċi politiċi post-kolonjali lejn Musulmani u nazzjonijiet b’maġġoranza Musulmana li jvarjaw ħafna u għalhekk jipproduċu impressjonijiet u effetti konfliġġenti u konfużi; u (2) injoranza ġeneralizzata residwa ta' u preġudizzju lejn l-Islam u l-kulturi subreġjonali. Żid ma’ din ir-rabja Amerikana, biża, u ansjetà dwar l-avvenimenti fatali ta 9/11, u ċerti elementi li, minkejja t-tħeġġiġ tal-irjus li jkessħu, iżommu lill-Musulmani u r-reliġjon tagħhom responsabbli għall-atti ħżiena tal-korreliġjonarji tagħhom, jew li jsibuha utli li jagħmlu dan għal raġunijiet politiċi.
| Settembru 06, 2010 | Kummenti 0
EGYPT’S MUSLIM BROTHERS: CONFRONTATION OR INTEGRATION?
Research
The Society of Muslim Brothers’ success in the November-December 2005 elections for the People’s Assembly sent shockwaves through Egypt’s political system. In response, the regime cracked down on the movement, harassed other potential rivals and reversed its fledging reform process. This is dangerously short-sighted. There is reason to be concerned about the Muslim Brothers’ political program, and they owe the people genuine clarifications about several of its aspects. But the ruling National Democratic
Party’s (NDP) refusal to loosen its grip risks exacerbating tensions at a time of both political uncertainty surrounding the presidential succession and serious socio-economic unrest. Though this likely will be a prolonged, gradual process, the regime should take preliminary steps to normalise the Muslim Brothers’ participation in political life. The Muslim Brothers, whose social activities have long been tolerated but whose role in formal politics is strictly limited, won an unprecedented 20 per cent of parliamentary seats in the 2005 elezzjonijiet. They did so despite competing for only a third of available seats and notwithstanding considerable obstacles, including police repression and electoral fraud. This success confirmed their position as an extremely wellorganised and deeply rooted political force. Fl-istess waqt, it underscored the weaknesses of both the legal opposition and ruling party. The regime might well have wagered that a modest increase in the Muslim Brothers’ parliamentary representation could be used to stoke fears of an Islamist takeover and thereby serve as a reason to stall reform. If so, the strategy is at heavy risk of backfiring.
| Settembru 05, 2010 | Kummenti 0
Islam and Democracy: Text, Tradition, and History
Ahrar Ahmad
Popular stereotypes in the West tend to posit a progressive, rational, and free West against a backward, oppressive, and threatening Islam. Public opinion polls conducted in the United States during the 1990s revealed a consistent pattern of Americans labeling Muslims as “religious fanatics” and considering Islam’s ethos as fundamentally “anti-democratic.”1 These characterizations
and misgivings have, for obvious reasons, significantly worsened since the tragedy of 9/11. Madankollu, these perceptions are not reflected merely in the popular consciousness or crude media representations. Respected scholars also have contributed to this climate of opinion by writing about the supposedly irreconcilable differences between Islam and the West, the famous “clash of civilizations” that is supposed to be imminent and inevitable, and about the seeming incompatibility between Islam and democracy. Pereżempju, Professor Peter Rodman worries that “we are challenged from the outside by a militant atavistic force driven by hatred of all Western political thought harking back to age-old grievances against Christendom.” Dr. Daniel Pipes proclaims that the Muslims challenge the West more profoundly than the communists ever did, for “while the Communists disagree with our policies, the fundamentalist Muslims despise our whole way of life.” Professor Bernard Lewis warns darkly about “the historic reaction of an ancient rival against our Judeo–Christian heritage, our secular present, and the expansion of both.” Professor Amos Perlmutter asks: “Is Islam, fundamentalist or otherwise, compatible with human-rights oriented Western style representative democracy? The answer is an emphatic NO.” And Professor Samuel Huntington suggests with a flourish that “the problem is not Islamic fundamentalism, but Islam itself.” It would be intellectually lazy and simple-minded to dismiss their positions as based merely on spite or prejudice. Fil-fatt, if one ignores some rhetorical overkill, some of their charges, though awkward for Muslims, are relevant to a discussion of the relationship between Islam and democracy in the modern world. Pereżempju, the position of women or sometimes non-Muslims in some Muslim countries is problematic in terms of the supposed legal equality of all people in a democracy. Bl-istess mod, the intolerance directed by some Muslims against writers (e.g., Salman Rushdie in the UK, Taslima Nasrin in Bangladesh, and Professor Nasr Abu Zaid in Egypt) ostensibly jeopardizes the principle of free speech, which is essential to a democracy.
It is also true that less than 10 of the more than 50 members of the Organization of the Islamic Conference have institutionalized democratic principles or processes as understood in the West, and that too, only tentatively. Fl-aħħarnett, the kind of internal stability and external peace that is almost a prerequisite for a democracy to function is vitiated by the turbulence of internal implosion or external aggression evident in many Muslim countries today (e.g., Is-Somalja, Is-Sudan, L-Indoneżja, Pakistan, Iraq, Afganistan, L-Alġerija, and Bosnia).
| Settembru 04, 2010 | Kummenti 0
GLOBALIZATION AND POLITICAL ISLAM: THE SOCIAL BASES OF TURKEY’S WELFARE PARTY
Haldun Gulalp
Political Islam has gained heightened visibility in recent decades in Turkey. Large numbers of female students have begun to demonstrate their commitment by wearing the banned Islamic headdress on university campuses, and influential pro-Islamist TV
channels have proliferated. This paper focuses on the Welfare (Refah) Party as the foremost institutional representative of political Islam in Turkey.
The Welfare Party’s brief tenure in power as the leading coalition partner from mid-1996 to mid-1997 was the culmination of a decade of steady growth that was aided by other Islamist organizations and institutions. These organizations and institutions
included newspapers and publishing houses that attracted Islamist writers, numerous Islamic foundations, an Islamist labor-union confederation, and an Islamist businessmen’s association. These institutions worked in tandem with, and in support of, Welfare as the undisputed leader and representative of political Islam in Turkey, even though they had their own particularistic goals and ideals, which often diverged from Welfare’s political projects. Focusing on the Welfare Party, imbagħad, allows for an analysis of the wider social base upon which the Islamist political movement rose in Turkey. Since Welfare’s ouster from power and its eventual closure, the Islamist movement has been in disarray. This paper will, therefore, be confined to the Welfare Party period.
Welfare’s predecessor, the National Salvation Party, was active in the 1970s but was closed down by the military regime in 1980. Welfare was founded in 1983 and gained great popularity in the 1990s. Starting with a 4.4 percent vote in the municipal elections of 1984, the Welfare Party steadily increased its showing and multiplied its vote nearly five times in twelve years. It alarmed Turkey’s secular establishment first in the municipal elections of 1994, with 19 percent of all votes nationwide and the mayor’s seats in both Istanbul and Ankara, then in the general elections of 1995 when it won a plurality with 21.4 percent of the national vote. Nevertheless, the Welfare Party was only briefly able to lead a coalition government in partnership with the right-wing True Path Party of Tansu C¸ iller.
| Settembru 03, 2010 | Kummenti 0
Arċipelagu Musulman
L massimu. Gross
This book has been many years in the making, as the author explains in his Preface, though he wrote most of the actual text during his year as senior Research Fellow with the Center for Strategic Intelligence Research. The author was for many years Dean of the School of Intelligence Studies at the Joint Military Intelligence College. Even though it may appear that the book could have been written by any good historian or Southeast Asia regional specialist, this work is illuminated by the author’s more than three decades of service within the national Intelligence Community. His regional expertise often has been applied to special assessments for the Community. With a knowledge of Islam unparalleled among his peers and an unquenchable thirst for determining how the goals of this religion might play out in areas far from the focus of most policymakers’ current attention, the author has made the most of this opportunity to acquaint the Intelligence Community and a broader readership with a strategic appreciation of a region in the throes of reconciling secular and religious forces.
This publication has been approved for unrestricted distribution by the Office of Security Review, Department of Defense.
| Awissu 27, 2010 | Kummenti 0
Democracy in Islamic Political Thought
Azzam S. Tamimi
Democracy has preoccupied Arab political thinkers since the dawn of the modern Arab renaissance about two centuries ago. Since then, the concept of democracy has changed and developed under the influence of a variety of social and political developments.The discussion of democracy in Arab Islamic literature can be traced back to Rifa’a Tahtawi, the father of Egyptian democracy according to Lewis Awad,[3] who shortly after his return to Cairo from Paris published his first book, Takhlis Al-Ibriz Ila Talkhis Bariz, fi 1834. The book summarized his observations of the manners and customs of the modern French,[4] and praised the concept of democracy as he saw it in France and as he witnessed its defence and reassertion through the 1830 Revolution against King Charles X.[5] Tahtawi tried to show that the democratic concept he was explaining to his readers was compatible with the law of Islam. He compared political pluralism to forms of ideological and jurisprudential pluralism that existed in the Islamic experience:
Religious freedom is the freedom of belief, of opinion and of sect, provided it does not contradict the fundamentals of religion . . . The same would apply to the freedom of political practice and opinion by leading administrators, who endeavour to interpret and apply rules and provisions in accordance with the laws of their own countries. Kings and ministers are licensed in the realm of politics to pursue various routes that in the end serve one purpose: good administration and justice.[6] One important landmark in this regard was the contribution of Khairuddin At-Tunisi (1810- 99), leader of the 19th-century reform movement in Tunisia, who, fi 1867, formulated a general plan for reform in a book entitled Aqwam Al-Masalik Fi Taqwim Al- Mamalik (The Straight Path to Reforming Governments). The main preoccupation of the book was in tackling the question of political reform in the Arab world. While appealing to politicians and scholars of his time to seek all possible means in order to improve the status of the
community and develop its civility, he warned the general Muslim public against shunning the experiences of other nations on the basis of the misconception that all the writings, inventions, experiences or attitudes of non-Muslims should be rejected or disregarded.
Khairuddin further called for an end to absolutist rule, which he blamed for the oppression of nations and the destruction of civilizations.
| Awissu 27, 2010 | Kummenti 0
Kultura Politika Iżlamika, Demokrazija, u Drittijiet tal-Bniedem
Daniele. Prezz
Ġie argumentat li l-Iżlam jiffaċilita l-awtoritarjaniżmu, contradicts the
values of Western societies, and significantly affects important political outcomes
in Muslim nations. Konsegwentement, studjużi, kummentaturi, and government
officials frequently point to ‘‘Islamic fundamentalism’’ as the next
ideological threat to liberal democracies. Din il-fehma, madankollu, is based primarily
on the analysis of texts, Teorija politika Islamika, and ad hoc studies
of individual countries, li ma jqisux fatturi oħra. It is my contention
that the texts and traditions of Islam, bħal dawk ta’ reliġjonijiet oħra,
jistgħu jintużaw biex jappoġġjaw varjetà ta’ sistemi u politiki politiċi. Country
specific and descriptive studies do not help us to find patterns that will help
us explain the varying relationships between Islam and politics across the
countries of the Muslim world. Għalhekk, approċċ ġdid għall-istudju tal-
konnessjoni bejn l-Islam u l-politika hija mitluba.
Nissuġġerixxi, permezz ta’ evalwazzjoni rigoruża tar-relazzjoni bejn l-Islam,
demokrazija, u d-drittijiet tal-bniedem fil-livell transnazzjonali, that too much
emphasis is being placed on the power of Islam as a political force. I first
use comparative case studies, which focus on factors relating to the interplay
between Islamic groups and regimes, influwenzi ekonomiċi, qsim etniku,
u l-iżvilupp tas-soċjetà, to explain the variance in the influence of
Islam on politics across eight nations.
| Awissu 22, 2010 | Kummenti 0
Partiti tal-Oppożizzjoni Iżlamiċi u l-Potenzjal għall-Impenn tal-UE
Toby Archer
Heidi Huuhtanen
Fid-dawl tal-importanza dejjem tikber tal-movimenti Iżlamiċi fid-dinja Musulmana u
il-mod kif ir-radikalizzazzjoni influwenzat avvenimenti globali mill-bidu tas-seklu, dan
huwa importanti għall-UE li tevalwa l-politiki tagħha lejn atturi fi ħdan dak li jista' jkun laxk
imsejħa d-'dinja Islamika'. Huwa partikolarment importanti li wieħed jistaqsi jekk u kif jimpenja ruħu
mad-diversi gruppi Iżlamiċi.
Dan jibqa’ kontroversjali anke fi ħdan l-UE. Xi wħud iħossu li l-Iżlamiċi jgħollu dan
jinsabu wara partiti Iżlamiċi huma sempliċement inkompatibbli mal-ideali tal-punent tad-demokrazija u
drittijiet umani, filwaqt li oħrajn jaraw l-ingaġġ bħala ħtieġa realistika minħabba t-tkabbir
importanza domestika tal-partiti Iżlamiċi u l-involviment dejjem akbar tagħhom fil-qasam internazzjonali
affarijiet. Perspettiva oħra hija li d-demokratizzazzjoni fid-dinja Musulmana tiżdied
sigurtà Ewropea. Il-validità ta’ dawn u argumenti oħra dwar jekk u kif il-
L-UE għandha timpenja ruħha tista' tiġi ttestjata biss billi tistudja l-movimenti Iżlamiċi differenti u
iċ-ċirkostanzi politiċi tagħhom, pajjiż b’pajjiż.
Id-demokratizzazzjoni hija tema ċentrali tal-azzjonijiet tal-politika barranija komuni tal-UE, kif imqiegħda
fl-Artikolu 11 tat-Trattat dwar l-Unjoni Ewropea. Ħafna mill-istati kkunsidrati f'dan
rapport mhumiex demokratiċi, jew mhux kompletament demokratiku. F'ħafna minn dawn il-pajjiżi, Iżlamiku
partiti u movimenti jikkostitwixxu oppożizzjoni sinifikanti għar-reġimi prevalenti, u
f’xi wħud jiffurmaw l-akbar blokk ta’ oppożizzjoni. Id-demokraziji Ewropej ilhom jagħmlu
jittrattaw reġimi governattivi li huma awtoritarji, iżda huwa fenomenu ġdid għall-istampa
għal riforma demokratika fi stati fejn l-aktar benefiċjarji probabbli jista' jkollhom, minn
l-opinjoni tal-UE, approċċi differenti u kultant problematiċi għad-demokrazija u tagħha
valuri relatati, bħall-minoranzi u d-drittijiet tan-nisa u l-istat tad-dritt. Dawn il-ħlasijiet huma
spiss imqiegħda kontra movimenti Iżlamiċi, għalhekk huwa importanti għal dawk li jfasslu l-politika Ewropej li
ikollhom stampa preċiża tal-politiki u l-filosofiji tal-imsieħba potenzjali.
Esperjenzi minn pajjiżi differenti għandhom it-tendenza li jissuġġerixxu li l-iżlamista aktar libertà
partijiet huma permessi, aktar ikunu moderati fl-azzjonijiet u l-ideat tagħhom. F'ħafna
każi partiti u gruppi Iżlamiċi ilhom li tbiegħdu mill-għan oriġinali tagħhom
tat-twaqqif ta’ stat Iżlamiku rregolat mil-liġi Iżlamika, u waslu biex jaċċettaw bażiku
prinċipji demokratiċi tal-kompetizzjoni elettorali għall-poter, l-eżistenza ta’ politika oħra
kompetituri, u pluraliżmu politiku.
| Awissu 21, 2010 | Kummenti 0
Islam politiku fil-Lvant Nofsani
Huma Knudsen
This report provides an introduction to selected aspects of the phenomenon commonly
referred to as “political Islam”. The report gives special emphasis to the Middle East, fi
particular the Levantine countries, and outlines two aspects of the Islamist movement that may
be considered polar opposites: democracy and political violence. In the third section the report
reviews some of the main theories used to explain the Islamic resurgence in the Middle East
(Figure 1). In brief, the report shows that Islam need not be incompatible with democracy and
that there is a tendency to neglect the fact that many Middle Eastern countries have been
engaged in a brutal suppression of Islamist movements, causing them, some argue, to take up
armi kontra l-istat, u aktar rari, pajjiżi barranin. L-użu tal-vjolenza politika huwa
mifruxa fil-Lvant Nofsani, imma la hija illoġika u lanqas irrazzjonali. F'ħafna każijiet anke
Gruppi Iżlamiċi magħrufa għall-użu tagħhom tal-vjolenza ġew trasformati f’politiċi paċifiċi
partiti li kkontestaw b’suċċess l-elezzjonijiet muniċipali u nazzjonali. Madankollu, l-Iżlamista
qawmien mill-ġdid fil-Lvant Nofsani jibqa’ parzjalment mhux spjegat minkejja numru ta’ teoriji li qed ifittxu
kont għat-tkabbir tagħha u l-appell popolari. Ġeneralment, il-biċċa l-kbira tat-teoriji jsostnu li l-Iżlamiżmu huwa a
reazzjoni għal deprivazzjoni relattiva, speċjalment l-inugwaljanza soċjali u l-oppressjoni politika. Alternattiva
teoriji jfittxu t-tweġiba għall-qawmien mill-ġdid Iżlamiku fil-konfini tar-reliġjon nnifisha u l-
qawwija, potenzjal evokattiv tas-simboliżmu reliġjuż.
The conclusion argues in favour of moving beyond the “gloom and doom” approach that
portrays Islamism as an illegitimate political expression and a potential threat to the West (“Old
Islamism”), and of a more nuanced understanding of the current democratisation of the Islamist
movement that is now taking place throughout the Middle East (“New Islamism”). This
importance of understanding the ideological roots of the “New Islamism” is foregrounded
along with the need for thorough first-hand knowledge of Islamist movements and their
adherents. As social movements, its is argued that more emphasis needs to be placed on
understanding the ways in which they have been capable of harnessing the aspirations not only
tas-sezzjonijiet ifqar tas-soċjetà imma wkoll tal-klassi tan-nofs.
| Awissu 20, 2010 | Kummenti 0
STRATEĠIJI GĦALL-IMPENĠĠ TAL-IŻLAM POLITIKU
SHADI HAMID
AMANDA KADLEC
L-Iżlam Politiku huwa l-aktar forza politika waħda attiva fil-Lvant Nofsani llum. Il-futur tagħha huwa marbut mill-qrib ma’ dak tar-reġjun. Jekk l-Istati Uniti u l-Unjoni Ewropea huma impenjati li jappoġġaw ir-riforma politika fir-reġjun, se jkollhom bżonn ifasslu l-konkrit, strateġiji koerenti għall-involviment ta' gruppi Iżlamiċi. Madankollu, l-U.S. ġeneralment ma kienx lest li jiftaħ djalogu ma’ dawn il-movimenti. Bl-istess mod, L-impenn tal-UE mal-Iżlamisti kien l-eċċezzjoni, mhux ir-regola. Fejn jeżistu kuntatti ta’ livell baxx, huma prinċipalment iservu għal skopijiet ta' ġbir ta' informazzjoni, mhux għanijiet strateġiċi. L-U.S. u l-UE għandhom għadd ta’ programmi li jindirizzaw l-iżvilupp ekonomiku u politiku fir-reġjun – fosthom l-Inizjattiva ta’ Sħubija fil-Lvant Nofsani (MEPI), il-Korporazzjoni tal-Isfida tal-Millenju (MCC), l-Unjoni għall-Mediterran, u l-Politika Ewropea tal-Viċinat (ENP) – iżda ftit għandhom xi jgħidu dwar kif l-isfida tal-oppożizzjoni politika Iżlamista tidħol fi ħdan objettivi reġjonali usa'. L-Istati Uniti. u l-assistenza u l-ipprogrammar tad-demokrazija tal-UE huma diretti kważi kollha kemm lejn gvernijiet awtoritarji nfushom jew gruppi sekulari tas-soċjetà ċivili b’appoġġ minimu fis-soċjetajiet tagħhom stess..
Wasal iż-żmien għal valutazzjoni mill-ġdid tal-politiki attwali. Mill-attakki terroristiċi ta’ Settembru 11, 2001, l-appoġġ għad-demokrazija fil-Lvant Nofsani ħa importanza akbar għal dawk li jfasslu l-politika tal-Punent, li jaraw rabta bejn in-nuqqas ta’ demokrazija u l-vjolenza politika. Attenzjoni akbar ġiet iddedikata għall-fehim tal-varjazzjonijiet fi ħdan l-Islam politiku. L-amministrazzjoni l-ġdida Amerikana hija aktar miftuħa biex twessa’ l-komunikazzjoni mad-dinja Musulmana. Sadanittant, il-maġġoranza l-kbira tal-organizzazzjonijiet Islamisti mainstream – inkluż il-Fratellanza Musulmana fl-Eġittu, Front ta’ Azzjoni Iżlamika tal-Ġordan (IAF), Partit tal-Ġustizzja u l-Iżvilupp tal-Marokk (PJD), il-Moviment Kostituzzjonali Iżlamiku tal-Kuwajt, u l-Jemen Islah Party – għamlu dejjem aktar l-appoġġ għar-riforma politika u d-demokrazija komponent ċentrali fil-pjattaformi politiċi tagħhom. Barra minn hekk, ħafna wrew interess qawwi fil-ftuħ ta’ djalogu mal-U.S. u l-gvernijiet tal-UE.
Il-futur tar-relazzjonijiet bejn in-nazzjonijiet tal-Punent u l-Lvant Nofsani jista’ jkun iddeterminat fil-biċċa l-kbira mill-grad sa liema l-ewwel jimpenjaw partiti Iżlamiċi mhux vjolenti fi djalogu wiesa’ dwar interessi u għanijiet kondiviżi.. Kien hemm proliferazzjoni riċenti ta 'studji dwar l-involviment mal-Iżlamisti, iżda ftit jindirizzaw b'mod ċar x'jista' jinvolvi fil-prattika. Bħala Zoe Nautre, sħabi viżitatur fil-Kunsill Ġermaniż dwar ir-Relazzjonijiet Barranin, tpoġġiha, “l-UE qed taħseb dwar l-impenn iżda ma tafx verament kif.”1 Bit-tama li tiċċara d-diskussjoni, niddistingwu bejn tliet livelli ta’ “ingaġġ,” kull wieħed b’mezzi u għanijiet differenti: kuntatti ta’ livell baxx, djalogu strateġiku, u sħubija.
| Awissu 19, 2010 | Kummenti 0
Partiti Iżlamiċi : parteċipazzjoni mingħajr poter
Malika Zeghal
Matul l-aħħar żewġ deċennji, movimenti soċjali u politiċi li jsejsu l-ideoloġiji tagħhom f’referenzi għall-Islam fittxew li jsiru partiti politiċi legali f’ħafna pajjiżi tal-Lvant Nofsani u l-Afrika ta’ Fuq. Xi wħud minn dawn il-movimenti Iżlamiċi ġew awtorizzati jieħdu sehem legalment f'kompetizzjoni elettorali. Fost l-aktar magħrufa hemm il-Partit tal-Ġustizzja u l-Iżvilupp tat-Turkija (AKP), li kisbet maġġoranza parlamentari fi 2002 u mexxa l-gvern minn dakinhar. Il-Partit tal-Ġustizzja u l-Iżvilupp tal-Marokk stess (PJD) ilha legali minn nofs- 1990s u jikkmanda blokk sinifikanti ta’ siġġijiet fil-Parlament. Fl-Eġittu, il-Fratellanza Musulmana (MB) qatt ma kien awtorizzat li jifforma partit politiku, iżda minkejja r-repressjoni tal-istat mexxiet b’suċċess kandidati bħala indipendenti nominali kemm fl-elezzjonijiet nazzjonali kif ukoll f’dawk lokali.
Mill-bidu tas-snin disgħin, din it-tendenza marret id f'id mal-politiki uffiċjali ta' liberalizzazzjoni politika limitata. Flimkien, iż-żewġ tendenzi ħolqu dibattitu dwar jekk dawn il-movimenti humiex impenjati għad-"demokrazija." Tfaċċat letteratura vasta biex tenfasizza l-paradossi kif ukoll ir-riskji u l-benefiċċji possibbli tal-inklużjoni tal-partiti Iżlamiċi fil-proċess elettorali. Il-paradigma ewlenija misjuba f’dan il-kitba tiffoka fuq il-konsegwenzi li jistgħu jirriżultaw meta l-Iżlamisti jużaw strumenti demokratiċi, u tfittex li tiddivina l-intenzjonijiet "veru" li l-Iżlamisti jimmanifestaw jekk jaslu għall-poter.
| Awissu 19, 2010 | Kummenti 0
Resolving America’s Islamist Dilemma: Lessons from South and Southeast Asia
Shadi Hamid
L-Istati Uniti. efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East have long been paralyzed by the “Islamist dilemma”: in theory, we want democracy, but, in practice, fear that Islamist parties will be the prime beneficiaries of any political opening. The most tragic manifestation of this was the Algerian debacle of 1991 u 1992, when the United States stood silently while the staunchly secular military canceled elections after an Islamist party won a parliamentary majority. More recently, the Bush administration backed away from its “freedom agenda” after Islamists did surprisingly well in elections throughout region, including in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the Palestinian territories.
But even our fear of Islamist parties—and the resulting refusal to engage with them—has itself been inconsistent, holding true for some countries but not others. The more that a country is seen as vital to American national security interests, the less willing the United States has been to accept Islamist groups having a prominent political role there. Madankollu, in countries seen as less strategically relevant, and where less is at stake, the United States has occasionally taken a more nuanced approach. But it is precisely where more is at stake that recognizing a role for nonviolent Islamists is most important, u, here, American policy continues to fall short.
Throughout the region, the United States has actively supported autocratic regimes and given the green light for campaigns of repression against groups such as the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, the oldest and most influential political movement in the region. In March 2008, during what many observers consider to be the worst period of anti-Brotherhood repression since the 1960s, Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice waived a $100 million congressionally mandated reduction of military aid to Egypt. The situation in Jordan is similar. The Bush administration and the Democratic congress have hailed the country as a “model” of Arab reform at precisely the same time that it has been devising new ways to manipulate the electoral process to limit Islamist representation, and just as it held elections plagued by widespread allegations of outright fraud
and rigging.1 This is not a coincidence. Egypt and Jordan are the only two Arab countries that have signed peace treaties with Israel. Barra minn hekk, they are seen as crucial to U.S. efforts to counter Iran, stabilize Iraq, and combat terrorism.
| Awissu 19, 2010 | Kummenti 0
MOVIMENTI IŻLAMISTI U L-PROĊESS DEMOKRATIKU FID-DINJA Għarbija: Nesploraw iż-Żoni Griżi
Nathan J. Kannella, Amr Hamzawy,
Marina Ottaway
Matul l-aħħar għaxar snin, Il-movimenti Iżlamiċi stabbilixxew lilhom infushom bħala atturi politiċi ewlenin fil-Lvant Nofsani. Flimkien mal-gvernijiet, Movimenti Iżlamiċi, moderat kif ukoll radikali, se jiddetermina kif il-politika tar-reġjun tiżvolġi fil-futur prevedibbli. Urew il-ħila mhux biss li jfasslu messaġġi b'appell popolari mifrux iżda wkoll, u l-aktar importanti, biex jinħolqu organizzazzjonijiet b'bażijiet soċjali ġenwini u jiġu żviluppati strateġiji politiċi koerenti. Partijiet oħra,
b'mod ġenerali, fallew fuq il-kontijiet kollha.
Il-pubbliku e fil-Punent u, partikolarment, l-Istati Uniti, sar konxju biss tal-importanza tal-movimenti Iżlamiċi wara avvenimenti drammatiċi, bħar-rivoluzzjoni fl-Iran u l-qtil tal-President Anwar al-Sadat fl-Eġittu. L-attenzjoni kienet ferm aktar sostnuta mill-attakki terroristiċi ta’ Settembru 11, 2001. B'riżultat ta 'dan, Il-movimenti Iżlamiċi huma ġeneralment meqjusa bħala perikolużi u ostili. Filwaqt li tali karatterizzazzjoni hija preċiża fir-rigward tal-organizzazzjonijiet fl-aħħar radikali tal-ispettru Iżlamiku, li huma perikolużi minħabba r-rieda tagħhom li jirrikorru għal vjolenza indiskriminata biex isegwu l-għanijiet tagħhom, mhijiex karatterizzazzjoni preċiża tal-ħafna gruppi li rrinunzjaw jew evitaw il-vjolenza. Għax organizzazzjonijiet terroristiċi joħolqu immedjat
theddida, madankollu, dawk li jfasslu l-politika fil-pajjiżi kollha taw attenzjoni sproporzjonata lill-organizzazzjonijiet vjolenti.
Huwa l-organizzazzjonijiet Islamisti mainstream, mhux dawk radikali, li se jkollu l-akbar impatt fuq l-evoluzzjoni politika futura tal-Lvant Nofsani. L-għanijiet grandjużi tar-radikali li jerġgħu jistabbilixxu kalifat li jgħaqqad id-dinja Għarbija kollha, jew saħansitra li jiġu imposti fuq pajjiżi Għarab individwali liġijiet u drawwiet soċjali ispirati minn interpretazzjoni fundamentalista tal-Iżlam huma sempliċement 'il bogħod wisq mir-realtà tal-lum biex jiġu realizzati. Dan ma jfissirx li l-gruppi terroristiċi mhumiex perikolużi—jistgħu jikkawżaw telf kbir ta’ ħajjiet anke fl-insegwiment ta’ miri impossibbli—iżda li x’aktarx ma jbiddlux il-wiċċ tal-Lvant Nofsani.. L-organizzazzjonijiet Islamisti mainstream huma ġeneralment kwistjoni differenti. Diġà kellhom impatt qawwi fuq id-drawwiet soċjali f'ħafna pajjiżi, iwaqqaf u jreġġa’ lura x-xejriet sekularisti u jbiddel il-mod kif ħafna Għarab jilbsu u jġibu ruħhom. U l-għan politiku immedjat tagħhom, biex issir forza qawwija billi tipparteċipa fil-politika normali ta’ pajjiżhom, mhix waħda impossibbli. Diġà qed jiġi realizzat f'pajjiżi bħall-Marokk, Il-Ġordan, u anke l-Eġittu, li għadha tipprojbixxi l-organizzazzjonijiet politiċi Iżlamiċi kollha iżda issa għandha tmienja u tmenin Musulmani Brother fil-Parlament. Politika, mhux vjolenza, huwa dak li jagħti lill-Iżlamisti mainstream l-influwenza tagħhom.
| Awissu 18, 2010 | Kummenti 0
RADIKALIZZAZZJONI IŻLAMISTA
DAĦLA
RICHARD YOUNGS
MICHAEL EMERSON
Kwistjonijiet relatati mal-Iżlam politiku jkomplu jippreżentaw sfidi għall-politiki barranin Ewropej fil-Lvant Nofsani u l-Afrika ta' Fuq (MENA). Hekk kif il-politika tal-UE fittxet li tilqa’ ma’ sfidi bħal dawn matul l-aħħar għaxar snin jew hekk, l-Islam politiku nnifsu evolva. L-esperti jindikaw il-kumplessità u l-varjetà dejjem tikber ta 'xejriet fi ħdan l-Iżlam politiku. Xi organizzazzjonijiet Iżlamiċi saħħew l-impenn tagħhom għal normi demokratiċi u impenjaw ruħhom bis-sħiħ fil-paċi, politika nazzjonali prinċipali. Oħrajn jibqgħu miżżewġin ma’ mezzi vjolenti. U oħrajn għaddew lejn forma aktar kwietista tal-Iżlam, diżingaġġat mill-attività politika. L-Iżlam politiku fir-reġjun MENA ma jippreżenta l-ebda tendenza uniformi għal dawk li jfasslu l-politika Ewropej. Id-dibattitu analitiku kiber madwar il-kunċett ta’ ‘radikalizzazzjoni’. Dan imbagħad wassal għal riċerka dwar il-fatturi li jmexxu 'd-diżradikalizzazzjoni', u bil-maqlub, ‘ri-radikalizzazzjoni’. Ħafna mill-kumplessità ġejja mill-fehma mifruxa ħafna li dawn it-tliet fenomeni qed iseħħu fl-istess ħin. Anke t-termini nfushom huma kkontestati. Ħafna drabi ġie rrimarkat li d-dikotomija moderat-radikali tonqos bis-sħiħ milli taqbad l-isfumaturi tax-xejriet fl-Islam politiku. Xi analisti jilmentaw ukoll li t-taħdit dwar ‘radikaliżmu’ huwa ideoloġikament mgħobbi. Fil-livell tat-terminoloġija, nifhmu li r-radikalizzazzjoni hija assoċjata mal-estremiżmu, iżda l-fehmiet ivarjaw fuq iċ-ċentralità tal-kontenut reliġjuż–fundamentalist tiegħu versus politiku, u fuq jekk ir-rieda li wieħed jirrikorri għall-vjolenza hijiex implikata jew le.
Differenzi bħal dawn huma riflessi fil-fehmiet li għandhom l-Iżlamisti nfushom, kif ukoll fil-perċezzjonijiet tal-barranin.
| Awissu 17, 2010 | Kummenti 0
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