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ИСЛЯМСТКИТЕ ДВИЖЕНИЯ И ДЕМОКРАТИЧНИЯТ ПРОЦЕС В АРАБСКИЯ СВЯТ: Изследване на сивите зони

Нейтън Дж. Кафяво, Амр Хамзави,

Марина Отауей

ISLAMIST RADICALISATION

Issues relating to political Islam continue to present challenges to European foreign policies in the Middle East and North Africa (МЕНА). As EU policy has sought to come to terms with such challenges during the last decade or so political Islam itself has evolved. Experts point to the growing complexity and variety of trends within political Islam. Some Islamist organisations have strengthened their commitment to democratic norms and engaged fully in peaceable, основната национална политика. Други остават обвързани с насилието. А трети са се насочили към по-спокойна форма на исляма, откъснат от политическа дейност. Политическият ислям в региона на MENA не представя еднаква тенденция за европейските политици. Аналитичният дебат се разрасна около понятието „радикализация“. Това от своя страна породи изследване на факторите, водещи до „дерадикализацията“, и обратно, „повторна радикализация“. Голяма част от сложността произтича от широко разпространеното мнение, че и трите тези явления се случват по едно и също време. Дори самите условия са оспорвани. Често се изтъква, че дихотомията умерено-радикални не успява да улови напълно нюансите на тенденциите в политическия ислям. Some analysts also complain that talk of ‘radicalism’ is ideologically loaded. At the level of terminology, we understand radicalisation to be associated with extremism, but views differ over the centrality of its religious–fundamentalist versus political content, and over whether the willingness to resort to violence is implied or not.

Such differences are reflected in the views held by the Islamists themselves, as well as in the perceptions of outsiders.

Political Islam and European Foreign Policy

POLITICAL ISLAM AND THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY

MICHAEL EMERSON

RICHARD YOUNGS

Since 2001 and the international events that ensued the nature of the relationship between the West and political Islam has become a definingissue for foreign policy. In recent years a considerable amount of research and analysis has been undertaken on the issue of political Islam. This has helped to correct some of the simplistic and alarmist assumptions previously held in the West about the nature of Islamist values and intentions. Parallel to this, the European Union (ЕС) has developed a number of policy initiatives primarily the European Neighbourhood Policy(ENP) that in principle commit to dialogue and deeper engagement all(non-violent) political actors and civil society organisations within Arab countries. Yet many analysts and policy-makers now complain of a certain a trophy in both conceptual debate and policy development. It has been established that political Islam is a changing landscape, deeply affected bya range of circumstances, but debate often seems to have stuck on the simplistic question of ‘are Islamists democratic?’ Many independent analysts have nevertheless advocated engagement with Islamists, but theactual rapprochement between Western governments and Islamist organisations remains limited .

The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood

Робърт С.. Лайкен

Стивън Брук

Ангажирането на Европа с умерените ислямисти

Кристина Кауш

Civil society and Democratization in the Arab World

Саад Еддин Ибрахим

Even if Islam is the Answer, Arab Muslims are the Problem

In May 2008, the Arab nation experienced a number of fires, or rather, armed conflicts—в

Ливан, Ирак, Палестина, Йемен, and Somalia. In these conflicts,

the warring parties used Islam as the instrument for mobilization

and amassing support. Collectively, Muslims are

waging war against Muslims.

After some Muslims raised the slogan of “Islam is the solution,”

то

became apparent “their Islam is the problem.” No sooner have some of them acquired weapons,

than they raised it against the state and its ruling regime regardless of

whether that regime was ruling in the name of Islam or not.

We have

seen this in recent years between the followers of Osama bin Laden

and the Al-Qaeda organization on the one hand, and the authorities in

the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on the other. We have also seen an

explosive example of this phenomenon in Morocco, whose king rules in the name of Islam and

whose title is the ‘Prince of the Faithful.’ Thus each Muslim faction kills other Muslims in the

name of Islam.

A quick glance at the contents of the media confirms how the

term Islam and its associated symbols have become mere tools in the hands of these Muslims.

Prominent examples of these Islam-exploiting factions are:

The Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and Jamiat al-Islamiyya, in Egypt

Hamas and the Islamic Jihad Movement, in Palestine Hezbollah, Fatah al-Islam,

and Jamiat al-Islammiyya, in Lebanon The Houthi Zayadi rebels and the Islamic Reform Grouping

(Islah), inYemen The Islamic courts, in Somalia The Islamic Front ,

ZD Scribd iPaper

на 500 най-влиятелните мюсюлмани

Джон Еспозито

Ибрахим Калин

Публикацията, която държите в ръцете си, е първата от това, което се надяваме да бъде годишна поредица, която предоставя прозорец към двигателите и шейкърите на мюсюлманския свят. Ние се стремим да подчертаем хора, които са влиятелни като мюсюлмани, това е, хора, чието влияние произтича от тяхното практикуване на исляма или от факта, че са мюсюлмани. Смятаме, че това дава ценна представа за различните начини, по които мюсюлманите влияят на света, и също така показва разнообразието на начина, по който хората живеят като мюсюлмани днес. Влиянието е сложна концепция. Значението му произлиза от латинската дума influens, което означава вливане, сочещи към стара астрологична идея, която невидими сили (като луната) засягат човечеството. Фигурите в този списък имат способността да влияят и на човечеството. По различни начини всеки човек в този списък има влияние върху живота на голям брой хора на земята. The 50 най-влиятелните фигури са профилирани. Тяхното влияние идва от различни източници; но те са обединени от факта, че всеки от тях засяга огромни части от човечеството. След това ние разделихме 500 лидери в 15 категории — Научен, Политически,Административни, Родословие, Проповедници, Жени, Младост, Филантропия, развитие,Науката и технологиите, Изкуство и култура, Медия, Радикали, Международни ислямски мрежи, и Проблеми на деня – за да ви помогне да разберете различните видове начини, по които ислямът и мюсюлманите влияят на света днес. Два съставни списъка показват как влиянието работи по различни начини: Международните ислямски мрежи показват хора, които са начело на важни транснационални мрежи на мюсюлмани, и Проблеми на деня подчертава личности, чиято важност се дължи на текущи проблеми, засягащи човечеството.

POLITICAL ISLAM and the West

JOHN L.ESPOSITO

At the dawn of the 21st centurypolitical Islam, ormore commonly Islamicfundamentalism, remainsa major presence in governments andoppositional politics from North Africato Southeast Asia. New Islamic republicshave emerged in Afghanistan,Иран, and Sudan. Islamists have beenelected to parliaments, served in cabinets,and been presidents, prime ministers,and deputy prime ministers innations as diverse as Algeria, Египет, Индонезия,Йордания, Кувейт, Ливан,Малайзия, Пакистан, and Yemen. At thesame time opposition movements andradical extremist groups have sought todestabilize regimes in Muslim countriesand the West. Americans have witnessedattacks on their embassies fromKenya to Pakistan. Terrorism abroadhas been accompanied by strikes ondomestic targets such as the WorldTrade Center in New York. In recentyears, Saudi millionaire Osama binLaden has become emblematic of effortsto spread international violence

Arab reform bulletin

Arab reform bulletin

Muslim Brotherhood Guide Mohamed Mahdi Akef’s decision to step down at the end of his first term in January 2009 is an important milestone for the largest opposition group in Egypt for two reasons. First, whoever the successor is, he will not enjoy the same historical legitimacy as Akef, who joined the Brotherhood at an early stage and worked with its founder, Хасан ал Бана. All of the potential replacements belong to another generation and lack the gravitas of Akef and his predecessors, which helped them resolve or at least postpone some organizational disputes. The second reason is that Akef, who presided over a major political opening of the group in which its various intellectual orientations were clearly manifested, has the ability to manage diversity. This has been clear in his relations with leaders of the organization’s different currents and generations and his ability to bridge gaps between them. No candidate for the post seems to possess this skill, except perhaps Deputy Guide Khairat al-Shater, whose chances seem nil because he is currently imprisoned.

Reneging on Reform: Egypt and Tunisia

Джефри Азарва

On November 6, 2003, President George W. Bush proclaimed, “Sixty years of Western nations excusingand accommodating the lack of freedom in the Middle East did nothing to make us safe—because in the longrun, stability cannot be purchased at the expense of liberty.” This strategic shift, coupled with the invasionsof Iraq and Afghanistan, put regional governments on notice. The following spring, Tunisia’s president, ZineEl Abidine Bin Ali, and Egypt’s president, Hosni Mubarak—stalwart allies in the U.S.-led war on terrorismand two of North Africa’s most pro-American rulers—were among the first Arab leaders to visit Washingtonand discuss reform. But with this “Arab spring” has come the inadvertent rise of Islamist movementsthroughout the region. Now, as U.S. policymakers ratchet down pressure, Egypt and Tunisia see a greenlight to backtrack on reform.