Всички записи в "Мароко" Категория

Арабското утре

ДАВИД Б. ОТТАВЕЙ

Октомври 6, 1981, е трябвало да бъде празник в Египет. Той отбеляза годишнината от най-великия момент на победата на Египет в три арабско-израелски конфликта, когато армията на аутсайдерите в страната премина през Суецкия канал в първите дни на откриването им 1973 Войната Йом Кипур и изпрати израелски войски, които се отдръпнаха. На хладно, безоблачно утро, стадионът в Кайро беше пълен с египетски семейства, които бяха дошли да видят военните, които разпъват хардуера си., Президент Ануар ел-Садат,архитект на войната, гледаше със задоволство как хората и машините дефилираха пред него. Бях наблизо, наскоро пристигнал чуждестранен кореспондент. Изведнъж, един от армейските камиони спря точно пред щанда за преглед точно когато шест реактивни самолета „Мираж“ изреваха над главата в акробатично изпълнение, рисуване на небето с дълги червени пътеки, жълто, лилаво,и зелен дим. Садат се изправи, очевидно се готви да размени поздрави с още един контингент от египетски войски. Той се превърна в перфектна мишена за четирима ислямистки убийци, скочили от камиона, нахлу на подиума, и осея тялото му с куршуми. Докато убийците продължиха, както изглеждаше цяла вечност, да пръскат стойката със своя смъртоносен огън, Замислих се за миг дали да се ударя на земята и да рискувам да бъда потъпкан до смърт от панически зрители, или да продължа и да рискувам да взема бездомен куршум. Инстинктът ми каза да стоя на крака, и чувството ми за журналистически дълг ме подтикна да отида да разбера дали Садат е жив или мъртъв.

ислям, Политическият ислям и Америка

Арабска прозрение

Възможно ли е „братството“ с Америка?

халил ал-анани

ИСЛЯМ, ДЕМОКРАЦИЯ & САЩ:

Фондация Кордоба

Абдула Фалик |

Въведение ,

Ислямизмът се преразгледа

МАХА АЗЗАМ

Challenging Authoritarianism, Колониализъм, and Disunity: The Islamic Political Reform Movements of al-Afghani and Rida

Ахмед Али Салем

Ислямистките опозиционни партии и потенциалът за ангажиране на ЕС

Тоби Арчър

Хайди Хуутанен

СТРАТЕГИИ ЗА АНГАЖИРАНЕ НА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЯ ИСЛЯМ

ШАДИ ХАМИД

АМАНДА КАДЛЕЦ

ИСЛЯМСТКИТЕ ДВИЖЕНИЯ И ДЕМОКРАТИЧНИЯТ ПРОЦЕС В АРАБСКИЯ СВЯТ: Изследване на сивите зони

Нейтън Дж. Кафяво, Амр Хамзави,

Марина Отауей

ISLAMIST RADICALISATION

Issues relating to political Islam continue to present challenges to European foreign policies in the Middle East and North Africa (МЕНА). As EU policy has sought to come to terms with such challenges during the last decade or so political Islam itself has evolved. Experts point to the growing complexity and variety of trends within political Islam. Some Islamist organisations have strengthened their commitment to democratic norms and engaged fully in peaceable, основната национална политика. Други остават обвързани с насилието. А трети са се насочили към по-спокойна форма на исляма, откъснат от политическа дейност. Политическият ислям в региона на MENA не представя еднаква тенденция за европейските политици. Аналитичният дебат се разрасна около понятието „радикализация“. Това от своя страна породи изследване на факторите, водещи до „дерадикализацията“, и обратно, „повторна радикализация“. Голяма част от сложността произтича от широко разпространеното мнение, че и трите тези явления се случват по едно и също време. Дори самите условия са оспорвани. Често се изтъква, че дихотомията умерено-радикални не успява да улови напълно нюансите на тенденциите в политическия ислям. Some analysts also complain that talk of ‘radicalism’ is ideologically loaded. At the level of terminology, we understand radicalisation to be associated with extremism, but views differ over the centrality of its religious–fundamentalist versus political content, and over whether the willingness to resort to violence is implied or not.

Such differences are reflected in the views held by the Islamists themselves, as well as in the perceptions of outsiders.

Political Islam and European Foreign Policy

POLITICAL ISLAM AND THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY

MICHAEL EMERSON

RICHARD YOUNGS

Since 2001 and the international events that ensued the nature of the relationship between the West and political Islam has become a definingissue for foreign policy. In recent years a considerable amount of research and analysis has been undertaken on the issue of political Islam. This has helped to correct some of the simplistic and alarmist assumptions previously held in the West about the nature of Islamist values and intentions. Parallel to this, the European Union (ЕС) has developed a number of policy initiatives primarily the European Neighbourhood Policy(ENP) that in principle commit to dialogue and deeper engagement all(non-violent) political actors and civil society organisations within Arab countries. Yet many analysts and policy-makers now complain of a certain a trophy in both conceptual debate and policy development. It has been established that political Islam is a changing landscape, deeply affected bya range of circumstances, but debate often seems to have stuck on the simplistic question of ‘are Islamists democratic?’ Many independent analysts have nevertheless advocated engagement with Islamists, but theactual rapprochement between Western governments and Islamist organisations remains limited .

Ислямско движение: Political Freedom & Демокрация

Dr.Yusuf al-Qaradawi

It is the duty of the (ислямски) Movement in the coming phase tostand firm against totalitarian and dictatorial rule, political despotism and usurpation of people’s rights. The Movement should always stand by political freedom, as represented by true,not false, демокрация. It should flatly declare it refusal of tyrantsand steer clear of all dictators, even if some tyrant appears to havegood intentions towards it for some gain and for a time that is usually short, as has been shown by experience.The Prophet (SAWS) said, “ When you see my Nation fall victim to fear and does not say to a wrong –doer, “You are wrong”, thenyou may lose hope in them.” So how about a regime that forces people to say to a conceited wrongdoer, “How just, how great you are. O our hero, our savior and our liberator!”The Quran denounces tyrants such as Numrudh, Pharaoh, Haman and others, but it also dispraises those who follow tyrants andobey their orders. This is why Allah dispraises the people of Noahby saying, “ But they follow (m en) whose wealth and childrengive them no increase but only loss.” [Surat Nuh; 21]Allah also says of Ad, people of Hud, “ And followed thecommand of every powerful, obstinate transgressor”. [Surat Hud:59]See also what the Quran says about the people of Pharaoh, “ Butthey followed the command of Pharaoh, and the command ofPharaoh was not rightly guided.[Surat Hud: 97] “Thus he made fools of his people, and they obeyed him: truly they were a people rebellious (against Allah).” [Surat Az-Zukhruf: 54]A closer look at the history of the Muslim Nation and the IslamicMovement in modern times should show clearly that the Islamicidea, the Islamic Movement and the Islamic Awakening have never flourished or borne fruit unless in an atmosphere ofdemocracy and freedom, and have withered and become barren only at the times of oppression and tyranny that trod over the willof the peoples which clung to Islam. Such oppressive regimesimposed their secularism, socialism or communism on their peoples by force and coercion, using covert torture and publicexecutions, and employing those devilish tools that tore flesh,shed blood, crushed bone and destroyed the soul.We saw these practices in many Muslim countries, including Turkey, Египет, Сирия, Ирак, (the former) South Yemen, Somaliaand northern African States for varying periods of time, depending on the age or reign of the dictator in each country.On the other hand, we saw the Islamic Movement and the Islamic Awakening bear fruit and flourish at the times of freedom and democracy, and in the wake of the collapse of imperial regimes that ruled peoples with fear and oppression.Therefore, I would not imagine that the Islamic Movement could support anything other than political freedom and democracy.The tyrants allowed every voice to be raised, except the voice ofIslam, and let every trend express itself in the form of a politicalparty or body of some sort, except the Islamic current which is theonly trend that actually speaks for this Nation and expresses it screed, values, essence and very existence.

Radical Islam in the Maghreb

Carlos Echeverría Jesús

The development of a radical Islamist movement has been a major featureof Algerian political life since the mid-1970s, especially after the death of PresidentHouari Boumediène, the Republic’s first president, in December 1978.1 Boumediènehad adopted a policy of Arabization that included phasing out the French language.French professors were replaced by Arabic speakers from Egypt, Ливан, andSyria, many of them members of the Muslim Brotherhood.The troubles began in 1985, when the Mouvement islamique algérien (MIA),founded to protest the single-party socialist regime, began attacking police stations.Escalating tensions amid declining oil prices culminated in the Semoule revolt inOctober 1988. More than 500 people were killed in the streets of Algiers in thatrevolt, and the government was finally forced to undertake reforms. В 1989 itlegalized political parties, including the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), and over thenext two years the Islamists were able to impose their will in many parts of thecountry, targeting symbols of Western “corruption” such as satellite TV dishes thatbrought in European channels, alcohol, and women who didn’t wear the hiyab (theIslam veil). FIS victories in the June 1990 municipal elections and in the first roundof the parliamentary elections held in December 1991 generated fears of animpending Islamist dictatorship and led to a preemptive interruption of the electoralprocess in January 1992. The next year saw an increase in the violence that hadbegun in 1991 with the FIS’s rhetoric in support of Saddam Hussein in the GulfWar, the growing presence of Algerian “Afghans”—Algerian volunteer fightersreturning from the war against the Soviets in Afghanistan—and the November 1991massacre of border guards at Guemmar, on the border between Algeria andTunisia.2Until mid-1993, victims of MIA, Islamic Salvation Army–AIS (the FIS’sarmed wing), and Islamic Armed Group (GIA) violence were mostly policemen,soldiers, and terrorists. Later that year the violence expanded to claim both foreignand Algerian civilians. In September 1993, the bodies of seven foreigners werefound in various locations around the country.3 Dozens of judges, doctors,intellectuals, and journalists were also murdered that year. In October 1993 Islamistsvowed to kill any foreigner remaining in Algeria after December 1; more than 4,000foreigners left in November 1993.

на 500 най-влиятелните мюсюлмани

Джон Еспозито

Ибрахим Калин

Публикацията, която държите в ръцете си, е първата от това, което се надяваме да бъде годишна поредица, която предоставя прозорец към двигателите и шейкърите на мюсюлманския свят. Ние се стремим да подчертаем хора, които са влиятелни като мюсюлмани, това е, хора, чието влияние произтича от тяхното практикуване на исляма или от факта, че са мюсюлмани. Смятаме, че това дава ценна представа за различните начини, по които мюсюлманите влияят на света, и също така показва разнообразието на начина, по който хората живеят като мюсюлмани днес. Влиянието е сложна концепция. Значението му произлиза от латинската дума influens, което означава вливане, сочещи към стара астрологична идея, която невидими сили (като луната) засягат човечеството. Фигурите в този списък имат способността да влияят и на човечеството. По различни начини всеки човек в този списък има влияние върху живота на голям брой хора на земята. The 50 най-влиятелните фигури са профилирани. Тяхното влияние идва от различни източници; но те са обединени от факта, че всеки от тях засяга огромни части от човечеството. След това ние разделихме 500 лидери в 15 категории — Научен, Политически,Административни, Родословие, Проповедници, Жени, Младост, Филантропия, развитие,Науката и технологиите, Изкуство и култура, Медия, Радикали, Международни ислямски мрежи, и Проблеми на деня – за да ви помогне да разберете различните видове начини, по които ислямът и мюсюлманите влияят на света днес. Два съставни списъка показват как влиянието работи по различни начини: Международните ислямски мрежи показват хора, които са начело на важни транснационални мрежи на мюсюлмани, и Проблеми на деня подчертава личности, чиято важност се дължи на текущи проблеми, засягащи човечеството.

TRAVELS AMONG EUROPE’S MUSLIM NEIGHBOURS

ЖОСТ ЛАГЕНДИЙК

“A ring of friends surrounding the Union […], from Morocco to Russia”.This is how, in late 2002, the then President of the European Commission, Романо Проди, described the key challenge facing Europe following the planned enlargement of 2004. The accession process had built up momentum, and the former communist countries of Central Europe had been stabilised and were transforming themselves into democracies. EU membership was not directly on the agenda for countries beyond the enlargement horizon, въпреки това. How could Europe prevent new dividing lines forming at its borders? How could the European Union guarantee stability, security and peace along its perimeter? Those questions were perhaps most pertinent to the EU’s southern neighbours. Since 11 Септември 2001, in particular, our relations with the Islamic world have been imbued with a sense of urgency. Political developments in our Islamic neighbour countries bordering the Mediterranean could have a tremendous impact on European security. Although the area is nearby, the political distance is great. Amid threatening language about a ‘clash of civilisations’, the EU quickly drew the conclusion that conciliation and cooperation, rather than confrontation, constituted the best strategy for dealing with its southern neighbours.

Priorities of The Islamic Movement in The Coming Phase

Юсуф Ал-Кардауи

What Do We Mean By Islamic Movement?

от “Ислямско движение”, I mean that organized, collective work, undertaken by thepeople, to restore Islam to the leadership of society, and to the helm of life all walksof life.Before being anything else, the Islamic Movement is work: persistent, industriouswork, not just words to be said, speeches and lectures to be delivered, or books andarticles are indeed required, they are merely parts of a movement, not themovement itself (Allah the Almighty says, Work, and Allah, His Messenger and thebelievers will see your work} [Surat al-Tawba: 1 05].The Islamic Movement is a popular work performed for Allah’s sakeThe Islamic movement is a popular work based mainly on self-motivation andpersonal conviction. It is a work performed out of faith and for nothing other thanthe sake of Allah, in the hope of being rewarded by Him, not by humans.The core of this self-motivation is that unrest which a Muslim feels when theAwakening visits him and he feels a turmoil deep inside him, as a result of thecontradiction between his faith on the one hand and the actual state of affairs of hisnation on the other. It is then that he launches himself into action, driven by his lovefor his religion, his devotion to Allah, His Messenger, the Quran and the MuslimNation, and his feeling of his, and his people’s, neglect of their duty. In so doing, heis also stimulated by his keenness to discharge his duty, eliminate deficiencies,contribute to the revival of the neglected faridas [enjoined duties] of enforcing theSharia [Islamic Law] sent down by Allah; unifying the Muslim nation around the HolyQuran; supporting Allah’s friends and fighting Allah’s foes; liberating Muslimterritories from all aggression or non-Muslim control; reinstating the Islamiccaliphate system to the leadership anew as required by Sharia, and renewing theobligation to spread the call of Islam, enjoin what is right and forbid what is wrongand strive in Allah’s cause by deed, by word or by heart – the latter being theweakest of beliefs – so that the word of Allah may be exalted to the heights.

Building bridges not walls

Alex Glennie

Since the terror attacks of 11 Септември 2001 there has been an explosion of interest inpolitical Islamism in the Middle East and North Africa (МЕНА) region. Until fairly recently,analysts have understandably focused on those actors that operate at the violent end of theIslamist spectrum, including Al-Qaeda, the Taliban, some of the sectarian parties in Iraq andpolitical groups with armed wings like Hamas in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT)and Hezbollah in Lebanon.However, this has obscured the fact that across the MENA region contemporary politics arebeing driven and shaped by a much more diverse collection of ‘mainstream’ Islamistmovements. We define these asgroups that engage or seek to engage in the legal political processes oftheir countries and that have publicly eschewed the use of violence tohelp realise their objectives at the national level, even where they arediscriminated against or repressed.This definition would encompass groups like the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, the Party ofJustice and Development (PJD) in Morocco and the Islamic Action Front (IAF) in Jordan.These non-violent Islamist movements or parties often represent the best organised andmost popular element of the opposition to the existing regimes in each country, and as suchthere has been increasing interest on the part of western policymakers in the role that theymight play in democracy promotion in the region. Yet discussions on this issue appear tohave stalled on the question of whether it would be appropriate to engage with these groupson a more systematic and formal basis, rather than on the practicalities of actually doing so.This attitude is partly linked to a justifiable unwillingness to legitimise groups that mighthold anti-democratic views on women’s rights, political pluralism and a range of other issues.It also reflects pragmatic considerations about the strategic interests of western powers inthe MENA region that are perceived to be threatened by the rising popularity and influenceof Islamists. For their part, Islamist parties and movements have shown a clear reluctance toforge closer ties with those western powers whose policies in the region they stronglyoppose, not least for fear of how the repressive regimes they operate within might react.This project’s focus on non-violent political Islamist movements should not be misinterpretedas implicit support for their political agendas. Committing to a strategy of more deliberateengagement with mainstream Islamist parties would involve significant risks and tradeoffs forNorth American and European policymakers. въпреки това, we do take the position that thetendency of both sides to view engagement as a zero sum ‘all or nothing’ game has beenunhelpful, and needs to change if a more constructive dialogue around reform in the MiddleEast and North Africa is to emerge.