모든 항목 "레바논" 범주
아랍의 내일
데이비드 B. 오타웨이
십월 6, 1981, 이집트에서 축하의 날이 될 예정이었습니다.. 세 번의 아랍-이스라엘 분쟁에서 이집트가 승리한 가장 위대한 순간의 기념일이었습니다., 국가의 약자 군대가 개항일에 수에즈 운하를 가로질러 진격했을 때 1973 욤 키푸르 전쟁과 이스라엘 군대가 후퇴하도록 보냈습니다.. 멋진, 구름 없는 아침, 카이로 경기장은 군대가 철물을 뽐내고 있는 모습을 보기 위해 온 이집트 가족들로 가득 찼습니다., 안와르 엘 사다트 대통령,전쟁의 건축가, 사람과 기계가 그의 앞에서 행진하는 것을 만족스럽게 지켜보았다.. 나는 근처에 있었다, 새로 도착한 외신기자.갑자기, 6대의 미라지 제트기가 곡예 공연을 펼치며 머리 위에서 포효하는 동안 군용 트럭 중 하나가 심사대 바로 앞에서 멈췄다., 긴 붉은 궤적으로 하늘을 그리다, 노란색, 자주색,그리고 녹색 연기. 사다트가 일어섰다, 또 다른 이집트 군대와 경례를 교환할 준비를 하고 있는 것 같다.. 그는 트럭에서 뛰어내린 4명의 이슬람 암살자들의 완벽한 표적이 되었습니다., 연단을 습격했다, 그리고 그의 몸을 총알로 뒤덮었습니다. 살인자들은 그들의 치명적인 불을 스탠드에 뿌리기 위해 영원할 것 같았습니다., 나는 순간적으로 땅에 부딪혀 패닉에 빠진 관중들에게 짓밟혀 죽을지, 아니면 발을 헛디디며 길 잃은 총알을 맞을지 고민했다.. 본능은 내 발에 머물라고 말했다, 저널리스트로서의 의무감으로 인해 사다트가 살았는지 죽었는지 알아보러 가야 했습니다..
권위주의에 도전, 식민주의, 그리고 분열: 알-아프가니와 리다의 이슬람 정치 개혁 운동
아흐메드 알리 살렘
These reformers perceived the decline of the Muslim world in general,
and of the Ottoman Empire in particular, to be the result of an increasing
disregard for implementing the Shari`ah (Islamic law). 하나, since the
late eighteenth century, an increasing number of reformers, sometimes supported
by the Ottoman sultans, began to call for reforming the empire along
modern European lines. The empire’s failure to defend its lands and to
respond successfully to the West’s challenges only further fueled this call
for “modernizing” reform, which reached its peak in the Tanzimat movement
in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Other Muslim reformers called for a middle course. On the one hand,
they admitted that the caliphate should be modeled according to the Islamic
sources of guidance, especially the Qur’an and Prophet Muhammad’s
teachings (Sunnah), and that the ummah’s (the world Muslim community)
unity is one of Islam’s political pillars. 반면에, they realized the
need to rejuvenate the empire or replace it with a more viable one. 물론,
their creative ideas on future models included, but were not limited to, 그만큼
following: replacing the Turkish-led Ottoman Empire with an Arab-led
caliphate, building a federal or confederate Muslim caliphate, establishing
a commonwealth of Muslim or oriental nations, and strengthening solidarity
and cooperation among independent Muslim countries without creating
a fixed structure. These and similar ideas were later referred to as the
Muslim league model, which was an umbrella thesis for the various proposals
related to the future caliphate.
Two advocates of such reform were Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and
Muhammad `Abduh, both of whom played key roles in the modern
Islamic political reform movement.1 Their response to the dual challenge
facing the Muslim world in the late nineteenth century – European colonization
and Muslim decline – was balanced. Their ultimate goal was to
revive the ummah by observing the Islamic revelation and benefiting
from Europe’s achievements. 하나, they disagreed on certain aspects
and methods, as well as the immediate goals and strategies, of reform.
While al-Afghani called and struggled mainly for political reform,
`Abduh, once one of his close disciples, developed his own ideas, which
emphasized education and undermined politics.
이집트 무슬림 형제단의 조직적 연속성
테스 리 아이젠 하트
세속주의, 해석학, 그리고 제국: 이슬람 개혁의 정치
Saba Mahmood
헤즈볼라의 정치 선언문 2009
이슬람 정치 문화, 민주주의, 및 인권
다니엘. 가격
이슬람 정치 문화, 민주주의, 및 인권
다니엘. 가격
이슬람 야당과 EU 참여 가능성
토비 아처
하이디 후우타 넨
중동의 정치적 이슬람
Are Knudsen
이슬람 정당 : 그들이 민주적이지 못한 이유
Bassam Tibi
정치적 이슬람 참여를 위한 전략
SHADI HAMID
AMANDA KADLEC
아랍 세계의 이슬람 운동과 민주주의 과정: 회색 영역 탐색
나단 J. 갈색, Amr Hamzawy,
마리나 오타 웨이
정치적 이슬람과 유럽 외교
POLITICAL ISLAM AND THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY
MICHAEL EMERSON
RICHARD YOUNGS
Since 2001 and the international events that ensued the nature of the relationship between the West and political Islam has become a definingissue for foreign policy. In recent years a considerable amount of research and analysis has been undertaken on the issue of political Islam. This has helped to correct some of the simplistic and alarmist assumptions previously held in the West about the nature of Islamist values and intentions. Parallel to this, the European Union (EU) has developed a number of policy initiatives primarily the European Neighbourhood Policy(ENP) that in principle commit to dialogue and deeper engagement all(non-violent) political actors and civil society organisations within Arab countries. Yet many analysts and policy-makers now complain of a certain a trophy in both conceptual debate and policy development. It has been established that political Islam is a changing landscape, deeply affected bya range of circumstances, but debate often seems to have stuck on the simplistic question of ‘are Islamists democratic?’ Many independent analysts have nevertheless advocated engagement with Islamists, but theactual rapprochement between Western governments and Islamist organisations remains limited .
전쟁에 대한 이슬람의 판결
The United States no doubt will be involved in the Middle East for many decades. To be sure, settling the Israeli–Palestinian dispute or alleviating poverty could help to stem the tides of Islamic radicalism and anti-American sentiment. But on an ideological level, we must confront a specific interpretation of Islamic law, history,and scripture that is a danger to both the United States and its allies. To win that ideological war, we must understand the sources of both Islamic radicalism and liberalism. We need to comprehend more thoroughly the ways in which militants misinterpret and pervert Islamic scripture. Al-Qaeda has produced its own group of spokespersons who attempt to provide religious legitimacy to the nihilism they preach. Many frequently quote from the Quran and hadith (the Prophet Muhammad’s sayings and deeds) in a biased manner to draw justification for their cause. Lieutenant Commander Youssef Aboul-Enein and Dr. Sherifa Zuhur delve into the Quran and hadith to articulate a means by which Islamic militancy can be countered ideologically, drawing many of their insights from these and other classical Islamic texts. 그리고 그의 느낌, they expose contradictions and alternative approaches in the core principles that groups like al-Qaeda espouse. The authors have found that proper use of Islamic scripture actually discredits the tactics of al-Qaeda and other jihadist organizations. This monograph provides a basis for encouraging our Muslim allies to challenge the theology supported by Islamic militants. Seeds of doubt planted in the minds of suicide bombers might dissuade them from carrying out their missions. The Strategic Studies Institute is pleased to offer this study of Islamic rulings on warfare to the national defense community as an effort to contribute to the ongoing debate over how to defeat Islamic militancy.
반란운동에서 정당으로
알라 스테 어 크룩
The view held by many in the West that transformation from an armed resistance movement to political party should be linear, should be preceded by a renunciation of violence, should be facilitated by civil society and brokered by moderate politicians has little reality for the case of the Islamic Resistance Movement (하마스). This is not to suggest that Hamas has not been subject to a political transformation: it has. But that transformation has been achieved in spite of Western efforts and not facilitated by those efforts. While remaining a resistance movement, Hamas has become the government of the Palestinian Authority and has modified its military posture. But this transformation has taken a different course from the one outlined in traditional conflict resolution models. Hamas and other Islamist groups continue to see themselves as resistance movements, but increasingly they see the prospect that their organizations may evolve into political currents that are focused on non-violent resistance.Standard conflict resolution models rely heavily on Western experience in conflict resolution and often ignore the differences of approach in the Islamic history of peace-making. Not surprisingly, the Hamas approach to political negotiation is different in style to that of the West. Also, as an Islamist movement that shares the wider optic of the impact of the West on their societies, Hamas has requirements of authenticity and legitimacy within its own constituency that bear on the importance attached to maintaining an armed capability. These factors, together with the overwhelming effect of long term conflict on a community’s psychology (an aspect that receives little attention in Western models that put preponderant weight on political analysis), suggests that the transformation process for Hamas has been very different from the transformation of arms movements in traditional analysis. 게다가, the harsh landscape of the Israeli – Palestinian conflict gives the Hamas experience its special characteristics.Hamas is in the midst of an important transformation, but the political currents within Israel, and within the region, make the outcome of this transformation unpredictable. Much will depend on the course of Western policy (its “Global War on Terror”) and how that policy effects revivalist Islamist groups such as Hamas, groups that are committed to elections, reform and good-governance.
아랍 개혁 회보
group of researchers
이집트: Regression in the Muslim Brotherhood’s Party Platform?
Amr hamzawy