Allar Færslur í "Líbanon" Flokkur
The Arab Tomorrow
DAVID B. ÚTTAKA
október 6, 1981, átti að vera hátíðardagur í Egyptalandi. Það markaði afmæli stórkostlegustu sigurstundar Egyptalands í þremur átökum araba og Ísraela., þegar fátækur her landsins lagðist yfir Súez-skurðinn á opnunardögum landsins 1973 Yom Kippur-stríðið og sendi ísraelska hermenn að hörfa. Á svala, skýlaus morgun, Kaíró leikvangurinn var troðfullur af egypskum fjölskyldum sem höfðu komið til að sjá herinn stinga vélbúnaði sínum., Anwar el-Sadat forseti,arkitekt stríðsins, horfði með ánægju þegar menn og vélar gengu fram fyrir hann. Ég var nálægt, nýkominn erlendur fréttaritari.Skyndilega, einn af herflutningabílunum stöðvaði beint fyrir framan yfirlitssýninguna rétt þegar sex Mirage þotur öskruðu yfir höfuð í loftfimleikum, að mála himininn með löngum rauðum slóðum, gulur, fjólublár,og grænan reyk. Sadat stóð upp, að því er virðist að búa sig undir að skiptast á kveðjum við enn einn lið egypskra hermanna. Hann gerði sig að fullkomnu skotmarki fyrir fjóra íslamista morðingja sem stukku úr vörubílnum, ruddist inn á pallinn, og þeytti líkama hans með byssukúlum. Þegar morðingjarnir héldu áfram í það sem virtist heila eilífð að úða stallinum með banvænum eldi sínum, Ég velti því fyrir mér í augnabliki hvort ég ætti að lenda í jörðu og eiga á hættu að verða troðinn til bana af skelfingu lostnum áhorfendum eða halda áfram og eiga á hættu að taka villandi byssukúlu. Eðlishvöt sagði mér að halda mér á fætur, og blaðamannaskylda mín varð til þess að ég fór að komast að því hvort Sadat væri á lífi eða dáinn.
Að ögra forræðishyggju, Nýlendustefnunnar, og sundurlyndi: Íslamskar stjórnmálaumbótahreyfingar al-Afghani og Rida
Ahmed Ali Salem
Þessir umbótasinnar skynjuðu hnignun múslimaheimsins almennt,
og sérstaklega Ottómanaveldisins, að vera afleiðing af aukningu
lítilsvirðing við innleiðingu Shari'ah (Íslamsk lög). Hins vegar, síðan
seint á átjándu öld, sífellt fleiri umbótasinnum, stundum stutt
af tyrkneskum sultönum, fór að kalla eftir endurbótum á heimsveldinu
nútíma evrópskar línur. Misbrestur heimsveldisins í að verja lönd sín og til
að bregðast farsællega við áskorunum Vesturlanda ýtti aðeins undir þetta kall enn frekar
fyrir „nútímavæðingu“ umbóta, sem náði hámarki í Tanzimat hreyfingunni
á seinni hluta nítjándu aldar.
Aðrir umbótasinnar múslima hvöttu til meðalvegs. Hinsvegar,
þeir viðurkenndu að kalífadæmið ætti að vera fyrirmynd íslamska
leiðsögn, sérstaklega Kóraninum og Múhameð spámanni
kenningar (Sunnah), og að ummah's (heimssamfélagi múslima)
eining er ein af pólitískum stoðum íslams. Á hinn bóginn, þeir áttuðu sig á
þarf að yngja upp heimsveldið eða skipta því út fyrir lífvænlegra. Einmitt,
skapandi hugmyndir þeirra um framtíðarlíkön innifalin, en voru ekki takmörkuð við, the
á eftir: að skipta Tyrkneska tyrkneska Tyrkjaveldinu út fyrir araba undir forystu
kalífadæmi, að byggja upp alríkis- eða sambands-kalífadæmi múslima, stofna
samveldi múslima eða austurlenskra þjóða, og efla samstöðu
og samvinnu milli sjálfstæðra múslimaríkja án þess að skapa
fast skipulag. Þessar og svipaðar hugmyndir voru síðar nefndar
Múslimska deildarmódel, sem var regnhlífarritgerð fyrir hinar ýmsu tillögur
tengt framtíðarkalífadæminu.
Tveir talsmenn slíkra umbóta voru Jamal al-Din al-Afghani og
Muhammad `Abduh, báðir gegndu lykilhlutverkum í nútímanum
Íslamsk stjórnmálaumbótahreyfing.1 Viðbrögð þeirra við tvíþættu áskoruninni
facing the Muslim world in the late nineteenth century – European colonization
and Muslim decline – was balanced. Their ultimate goal was to
revive the ummah by observing the Islamic revelation and benefiting
from Europe’s achievements. Hins vegar, they disagreed on certain aspects
and methods, as well as the immediate goals and strategies, of reform.
While al-Afghani called and struggled mainly for political reform,
`Abduh, once one of his close disciples, developed his own ideas, which
emphasized education and undermined politics.
Skipulagssamfella í múslimska bræðralagi Egyptalands
Tess Lee Eisenhart
Secularism, Hermeneutics, og Empire: The Politics íslamskra siðaskipti
Saba Mahmood
Hizbollah’s Political Manifesto 2009
Íslamsk stjórnmálamenning, Lýðræði, og mannréttindi
Daniel E. Verð
Íslamsk stjórnmálamenning, Lýðræði, og mannréttindi
Daniel E. Verð
Íslamskir stjórnarandstöðuflokkar og möguleiki á þátttöku í ESB
Toby Archer
Heidi Huuhtanen
Pólitískt íslam í Miðausturlöndum
Eru Knudsen
Íslamistaflokkar : hvers vegna þeir geta ekki verið lýðræðislegir
Bassam Tibi
STEFNI TIL AÐ TAKA PÓLITÍSKA ÍSLAM
SHADI HAMID
AMANDA KADLEC
ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS AND THE DEMOCRATIC PROCESS IN THE ARAB WORLD: Exploring the Gray Zones
Nathan J. Brúnn, Amr Hamzawy,
Marina Ottaway
Political Islam and European Foreign Policy
POLITICAL ISLAM AND THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY
MICHAEL EMERSON
RICHARD YOUNGS
Síðan 2001 and the international events that ensued the nature of the relationship between the West and political Islam has become a definingissue for foreign policy. In recent years a considerable amount of research and analysis has been undertaken on the issue of political Islam. This has helped to correct some of the simplistic and alarmist assumptions previously held in the West about the nature of Islamist values and intentions. Parallel to this, the European Union (EU) has developed a number of policy initiatives primarily the European Neighbourhood Policy(ENP) that in principle commit to dialogue and deeper engagement all(non-violent) political actors and civil society organisations within Arab countries. Yet many analysts and policy-makers now complain of a certain a trophy in both conceptual debate and policy development. It has been established that political Islam is a changing landscape, deeply affected bya range of circumstances, but debate often seems to have stuck on the simplistic question of ‘are Islamists democratic?’ Many independent analysts have nevertheless advocated engagement with Islamists, but theactual rapprochement between Western governments and Islamist organisations remains limited .
ISLAMIC RULINGS ON WARFARE
The United States no doubt will be involved in the Middle East for many decades. To be sure, settling the Israeli–Palestinian dispute or alleviating poverty could help to stem the tides of Islamic radicalism and anti-American sentiment. But on an ideological level, we must confront a specific interpretation of Islamic law, history,and scripture that is a danger to both the United States and its allies. To win that ideological war, we must understand the sources of both Islamic radicalism and liberalism. We need to comprehend more thoroughly the ways in which militants misinterpret and pervert Islamic scripture. Al-Qaeda has produced its own group of spokespersons who attempt to provide religious legitimacy to the nihilism they preach. Many frequently quote from the Quran and hadith (the Prophet Muhammad’s sayings and deeds) in a biased manner to draw justification for their cause. Lieutenant Commander Youssef Aboul-Enein and Dr. Sherifa Zuhur delve into the Quran and hadith to articulate a means by which Islamic militancy can be countered ideologically, drawing many of their insights from these and other classical Islamic texts. In so doing, they expose contradictions and alternative approaches in the core principles that groups like al-Qaeda espouse. The authors have found that proper use of Islamic scripture actually discredits the tactics of al-Qaeda and other jihadist organizations. This monograph provides a basis for encouraging our Muslim allies to challenge the theology supported by Islamic militants. Seeds of doubt planted in the minds of suicide bombers might dissuade them from carrying out their missions. The Strategic Studies Institute is pleased to offer this study of Islamic rulings on warfare to the national defense community as an effort to contribute to the ongoing debate over how to defeat Islamic militancy.
Frá uppreisnarhreyfingu til stjórnmálaflokks
Alastair Crooke
The view held by many in the West that transformation from an armed resistance movement to political party should be linear, should be preceded by a renunciation of violence, should be facilitated by civil society and brokered by moderate politicians has little reality for the case of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas). This is not to suggest that Hamas has not been subject to a political transformation: it has. But that transformation has been achieved in spite of Western efforts and not facilitated by those efforts. While remaining a resistance movement, Hamas has become the government of the Palestinian Authority and has modified its military posture. But this transformation has taken a different course from the one outlined in traditional conflict resolution models. Hamas and other Islamist groups continue to see themselves as resistance movements, but increasingly they see the prospect that their organizations may evolve into political currents that are focused on non-violent resistance.Standard conflict resolution models rely heavily on Western experience in conflict resolution and often ignore the differences of approach in the Islamic history of peace-making. Not surprisingly, the Hamas approach to political negotiation is different in style to that of the West. Also, as an Islamist movement that shares the wider optic of the impact of the West on their societies, Hamas has requirements of authenticity and legitimacy within its own constituency that bear on the importance attached to maintaining an armed capability. These factors, together with the overwhelming effect of long term conflict on a community’s psychology (an aspect that receives little attention in Western models that put preponderant weight on political analysis), suggests that the transformation process for Hamas has been very different from the transformation of arms movements in traditional analysis. Auk, the harsh landscape of the Israeli – Palestinian conflict gives the Hamas experience its special characteristics.Hamas is in the midst of an important transformation, but the political currents within Israel, and within the region, make the outcome of this transformation unpredictable. Much will depend on the course of Western policy (its “Global War on Terror”) and how that policy effects revivalist Islamist groups such as Hamas, groups that are committed to elections, reform and good-governance.
Arab Reform Bulletin
group of researchers
Egyptaland: Regression in the Muslim Brotherhood’s Party Platform?
Amr hamzawy