Todas las inscripciones en el "Jordania" Categoría
El mañana árabe
david b. OTTAWAY
Octubre 6, 1981, estaba destinado a ser un día de celebración en Egipto. Marcó el aniversario del momento más grandioso de la victoria de Egipto en tres conflictos árabe-israelíes., cuando el ejército desvalido del país atravesó el Canal de Suez en los primeros días del 1973 Guerra de Yom Kippur y envió a las tropas israelíes tambaleándose en retirada. en un fresco, mañana sin nubes, El estadio de El Cairo estaba repleto de familias egipcias que habían venido a ver a los militares pavonearse con su hardware. En el estrado de revisión, Presidente Anwar el-Sadat,el arquitecto de la guerra, observó con satisfacción cómo hombres y máquinas desfilaban ante él. yo estaba cerca, un corresponsal extranjero recién llegado. De repente, uno de los camiones del ejército se detuvo justo frente a la plataforma de revisión justo cuando seis jets Mirage rugían sobre su cabeza en una actuación acrobática, pintando el cielo con largas estelas de rojo, amarillo, violeta,y humo verde. sadat se puso de pie, aparentemente preparándose para intercambiar saludos con otro contingente de tropas egipcias. Se convirtió en blanco perfecto para cuatro sicarios islamistas que saltaron del camión, subió al podio, y acribillaron su cuerpo a balazos. Mientras los asesinos continuaban durante lo que pareció una eternidad rociando el stand con su fuego mortal, Consideré por un instante si golpear el suelo y arriesgarme a ser pisoteado hasta la muerte por espectadores aterrorizados o permanecer en pie y arriesgarme a recibir una bala perdida.. El instinto me dijo que me quedara de pie, y mi sentido del deber periodístico me impulsó a ir a averiguar si Sadat estaba vivo o muerto.
| Sep 26, 2010 | Comentarios 0
islam, Islam político y América
Árabe penetración
¿Es posible la “hermandad” con Estados Unidos??
khalil al anani
“No hay posibilidad de comunicarse con ningún estadounidense. administración mientras Estados Unidos mantenga su visión de larga data del Islam como un peligro real, una visión que pone a los Estados Unidos en el mismo barco que el enemigo sionista. No tenemos nociones preconcebidas sobre el pueblo estadounidense o los EE. UU.. sociedad y sus organizaciones cívicas y think tanks. No tenemos problemas para comunicarnos con el pueblo estadounidense, pero no se están haciendo los esfuerzos adecuados para acercarnos,dijo el Dr.. Issam al-Iryan, jefe del departamento político de los Hermanos Musulmanes en una entrevista telefónica.
Las palabras de Al-Iryan resumen los puntos de vista de la Hermandad Musulmana sobre el pueblo estadounidense y los EE. UU.. gobierno. Otros miembros de la Hermandad Musulmana estarían de acuerdo, como lo haría el difunto Hassan al-Banna, que fundó el grupo en 1928. Alabama- Banna veía a Occidente principalmente como un símbolo de decadencia moral.. Otros salafistas, una escuela de pensamiento islámica que se basa en los antepasados como modelos ejemplares, han tenido la misma visión de los Estados Unidos., pero carecen de la flexibilidad ideológica propugnada por los Hermanos Musulmanes. Mientras que la Hermandad Musulmana cree en involucrar a los estadounidenses en el diálogo civil, otros grupos extremistas no ven ningún sentido en el diálogo y sostienen que la fuerza es la única forma de tratar con los Estados Unidos.
| Sep 15, 2010 | Comentarios 0
El islamismo revisitado
MAHA Azzam
Hay una crisis política y de seguridad en torno a lo que se denomina islamismo., una crisis cuyos antecedentes preceden mucho 9/11. sobre el pasado 25 años, ha habido diferentes énfasis en cómo explicar y combatir el islamismo. Analistas y formuladores de políticas.
en las décadas de 1980 y 1990 se habló de las causas fundamentales de la militancia islámica como el malestar económico y la marginación. Más recientemente, ha habido un enfoque en la reforma política como un medio para socavar el atractivo del radicalismo.. Cada vez más hoy, the ideological and religious aspects of Islamism need to be addressed because they have become features of a wider political and security debate. Whether in connection with Al-Qaeda terrorism, political reform in the Muslim world, the nuclear issue in Iran or areas of crisis such as Palestine or Lebanon, it has become commonplace to fi nd that ideology and religion are used by opposing parties as sources of legitimization, inspiration and enmity.
The situation is further complicated today by the growing antagonism towards and fear of Islam in the West because of terrorist attacks which in turn impinge on attitudes towards immigration, religion and culture. The boundaries of the umma or community of the faithful have stretched beyond Muslim states to European cities. La umma existe potencialmente dondequiera que haya comunidades musulmanas.. El sentido compartido de pertenencia a una fe común aumenta en un entorno donde el sentido de integración en la comunidad circundante no está claro y donde la discriminación puede ser evidente.. Cuanto mayor es el rechazo a los valores de la sociedad,
ya sea en Occidente o incluso en un estado musulmán, mayor será la consolidación de la fuerza moral del Islam como identidad cultural y sistema de valores.
Después de los atentados en Londres el 7 Julio 2005 se hizo más evidente que algunos jóvenes afirmaban su compromiso religioso como una forma de expresar su etnicidad. Los vínculos entre los musulmanes de todo el mundo y su percepción de que los musulmanes son vulnerables han llevado a muchos en muy diferentes partes del mundo a fusionar sus propios problemas locales con los musulmanes más amplios., haber identificado culturalmente, ya sea principal o parcialmente, con un Islam ampliamente definido.
| Sep 06, 2010 | Comentarios 0
EL ISLAM Y EL ESTADO DE DERECHO
Birgit Krawietz
Helmut Reifeld
In our modern Western society, state-organised legal sys-tems normally draw a distinctive line that separates religion and the law. Conversely, there are a number of Islamic re-gional societies where religion and the laws are as closely interlinked and intertwined today as they were before the onset of the modern age. Al mismo tiempo, the proportion in which religious law (shariah in Arabic) and public law (qanun) are blended varies from one country to the next. What is more, the status of Islam and consequently that of Islamic law differs as well. According to information provided by the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), there are currently 57 Islamic states worldwide, defined as countries in which Islam is the religion of (1) the state, (2) the majority of the population, or (3) a large minority. All this affects the development and the form of Islamic law.
| Sep 06, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Cultura política islámica, Democracia, y Derechos Humanos
Daniel E. Precio
Se ha argumentado que el Islam facilita el autoritarismo., contradice los valores de las sociedades occidentales, y afecta significativamente importantes resultados políticos en las naciones musulmanas. Como consecuencia, eruditos, comentaristas, y los funcionarios del gobierno señalan con frecuencia al “fundamentalismo islámico” como la próxima amenaza ideológica para las democracias liberales. Esta vista, sin embargo,, se basa principalmente en el análisis de textos, teoría política islámica, y estudios ad hoc de países individuales, que no consideran otros factores. Es mi opinión que los textos y tradiciones del Islam, como los de otras religiones, se puede utilizar para apoyar una variedad de sistemas políticos y políticas. Los estudios descriptivos y específicos de países no nos ayudan a encontrar patrones que nos ayuden a explicar las diversas relaciones entre el Islam y la política en los países del mundo musulmán.. Por eso, un nuevo enfoque para el estudio de la
Se requiere una conexión entre el Islam y la política..
yo sugiero, a través de una evaluación rigurosa de la relación entre el Islam, la democracia, y derechos humanos a nivel transnacional, que se está poniendo demasiado énfasis en el poder del Islam como fuerza política. Primero utilizo estudios de casos comparativos, que se centran en factores relacionados con la interacción entre grupos y regímenes islámicos, influencias economicas, divisiones étnicas, y desarrollo social, para explicar la variación en la influencia del Islam en la política en ocho naciones. Argumento que gran parte del poder
atribuido al Islam como la fuerza impulsora detrás de las políticas y los sistemas políticos en las naciones musulmanas puede explicarse mejor por los factores mencionados anteriormente. yo tambien encuentro, contrario a la creencia común, que la creciente fuerza de los grupos políticos islámicos a menudo se ha asociado con una modesta pluralización de los sistemas políticos.
He construido un índice de la cultura política islámica, sobre la base de la medida en que se utiliza la ley islámica y si y, si es así, cómo,ideas occidentales, instituciones, y se implementan tecnologías, para probar la naturaleza de la relación entre el Islam y la democracia y el Islam y los derechos humanos. Este indicador se utiliza en el análisis estadístico., que incluye una muestra de veintitrés países predominantemente musulmanes y un grupo de control de veintitrés países en desarrollo no musulmanes. además de comparar
Naciones islámicas a naciones en desarrollo no islámicas, el análisis estadístico me permite controlar la influencia de otras variables que se han encontrado que afectan los niveles de democracia y la protección de los derechos individuales. El resultado debería ser una imagen más realista y precisa de la influencia del Islam en la política y las políticas..
| Sep 06, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Islam y Democracia
ITAC
If one reads the press or listens to commentators on international affairs, it is often said – and even more often implied but not said – that Islam is not compatible with democracy. In the nineties, Samuel Huntington set off an intellectual firestorm when he published The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, in which he presents his forecasts for the world – writ large. In the political realm, he notes that while Turkey and Pakistan might have some small claim to “democratic legitimacy” all other “… Muslim countries were overwhelmingly non-democratic: monarchies, one-party systems, military regimes, personal dictatorships or some combination of these, usually resting on a limited family, clan, or tribal base”. The premise on which his argument is founded is that they are not only ‘not like us’, they are actually opposed to our essential democratic values. He believes, as do others, that while the idea of Western democratization is being resisted in other parts of the world, the confrontation is most notable in those regions where Islam is the dominant faith.
The argument has also been made from the other side as well. An Iranian religious scholar, reflecting on an early twentieth-century constitutional crisis in his country, declared that Islam and democracy are not compatible because people are not equal and a legislative body is unnecessary because of the inclusive nature of Islamic religious law. A similar position was taken more recently by Ali Belhadj, an Algerian high school teacher, preacher and (in this context) leader of the FIS, when he declared “democracy was not an Islamic concept”. Perhaps the most dramatic statement to this effect was that of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, leader of the Sunni insurgents in Iraq who, when faced with the prospect of an election, denounced democracy as “an evil principle”.
But according to some Muslim scholars, democracy remains an important ideal in Islam, with the caveat that it is always subject to the religious law. The emphasis on the paramount place of the shari’a is an element of almost every Islamic comment on governance, moderate or extremist. Only if the ruler, who receives his authority from God, limits his actions to the “supervision of the administration of the shari’a” is he to be obeyed. If he does other than this, he is a non-believer and committed Muslims are to rebel against him. Herein lies the justification for much of the violence that has plagued the Muslim world in such struggles as that prevailing in Algeria during the 90s
| Sep 04, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Desafiando el autoritarismo, Colonialismo, y desunión: Los movimientos de reforma política islámica de al-Afghani y Rida
Ahmed Ali Salem
The decline of the Muslim world preceded European colonization of most
Muslim lands in the last quarter of the nineteenth century and the first
quarter of the twentieth century. En particular,, the Ottoman Empire’s
power and world status had been deteriorating since the seventeenth century.
But, more important for Muslim scholars, it had ceased to meet
some basic requirements of its position as the caliphate, the supreme and
sovereign political entity to which all Muslims should be loyal.
Por lo tanto, some of the empire’s Muslim scholars and intellectuals called
for political reform even before the European encroachment upon
Muslim lands. The reforms that they envisaged were not only Islamic, pero
also Ottomanic – from within the Ottoman framework.
These reformers perceived the decline of the Muslim world in general,
and of the Ottoman Empire in particular, to be the result of an increasing
disregard for implementing the Shari`ah (ley islámica). Sin embargo, since the
late eighteenth century, an increasing number of reformers, sometimes supported
by the Ottoman sultans, began to call for reforming the empire along
modern European lines. The empire’s failure to defend its lands and to
respond successfully to the West’s challenges only further fueled this call
for “modernizing” reform, which reached its peak in the Tanzimat movement
in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Other Muslim reformers called for a middle course. On the one hand,
they admitted that the caliphate should be modeled according to the Islamic
sources of guidance, especially the Qur’an and Prophet Muhammad’s
teachings (Sunnah), and that the ummah’s (the world Muslim community)
unity is one of Islam’s political pillars. Por otra parte, they realized the
need to rejuvenate the empire or replace it with a more viable one. En efecto,
their creative ideas on future models included, but were not limited to, la
following: replacing the Turkish-led Ottoman Empire with an Arab-led
caliphate, building a federal or confederate Muslim caliphate, establishing
a commonwealth of Muslim or oriental nations, and strengthening solidarity
and cooperation among independent Muslim countries without creating
a fixed structure. These and similar ideas were later referred to as the
Muslim league model, which was an umbrella thesis for the various proposals
related to the future caliphate.
Two advocates of such reform were Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and
Muhammad `Abduh, both of whom played key roles in the modern
Islamic political reform movement.1 Their response to the dual challenge
facing the Muslim world in the late nineteenth century – European colonization
and Muslim decline – was balanced. Their ultimate goal was to
revive the ummah by observing the Islamic revelation and benefiting
from Europe’s achievements. Sin embargo, they disagreed on certain aspects
and methods, as well as the immediate goals and strategies, of reform.
While al-Afghani called and struggled mainly for political reform,
`Abduh, once one of his close disciples, developed his own ideas, que
emphasized education and undermined politics.
| Sep 02, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Egipto en el punto de inflexión ?
David B. Ottaway
In the early 1980s, I lived in Cairo as bureau chief of The Washington Post covering such historic events as the withdrawal of the last
Israeli forces from Egyptian territory occupied during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war and the assassination of President
Anwar Sadat by Islamic fanatics in October 1981.
The latter national drama, which I witnessed personally, had proven to be a wrenching milestone. It forced Sadat’s successor, Hosni Mubarak, to turn inwards to deal with an Islamist challenge of unknown proportions and effectively ended Egypt’s leadership role in the Arab world.
Mubarak immediately showed himself to be a highly cautious, unimaginative leader, maddeningly reactive rather than pro-active in dealing with the social and economic problems overwhelming his nation like its explosive population growth (1.2 million more Egyptians a year) and economic decline.
In a four-part Washington Post series written as I was departing in early 1985, I noted the new Egyptian leader was still pretty much
a total enigma to his own people, offering no vision and commanding what seemed a rudderless ship of state. The socialist economy
inherited from the era of President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1952 a 1970) was a mess. The country’s currency, the pound, was operating
on eight different exchange rates; its state-run factories were unproductive, uncompetitive and deep in debt; and the government was heading for bankruptcy partly because subsidies for food, electricity and gasoline were consuming one-third ($7 billion) of its budget. Cairo had sunk into a hopeless morass of gridlocked traffic and teeming humanity—12 million people squeezed into a narrow band of land bordering the Nile River, most living cheek by jowl in ramshackle tenements in the city’s ever-expanding slums.
| Sep 02, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Continuidad organizacional en la Hermandad Musulmana de Egipto
Tess Eisenhart Lee
As Egypt’s oldest and most prominent opposition movement, the Society of
Hermanos Musulmanes, al-ikhwan al-muslimeen, has long posed a challenge to successive secular
regimes by offering a comprehensive vision of an Islamic state and extensive social
welfare services. Desde su fundación en 1928, the Brotherhood (Ikhwan) has thrived in a
parallel religious and social services sector, generally avoiding direct confrontation with
ruling regimes.1 More recently over the past two decades, sin embargo,, the Brotherhood has
dabbled with partisanship in the formal political realm. This experiment culminated in
the election of the eighty-eight Brothers to the People’s Assembly in 2005—the largest
oppositional bloc in modern Egyptian history—and the subsequent arrests of nearly
1,000 Brothers.2 The electoral advance into mainstream politics provides ample fodder
for scholars to test theories and make predictions about the future of the Egyptian
regime: will it fall to the Islamist opposition or remain a beacon of secularism in the
Arab world?
This thesis shies away from making such broad speculations. Instead, it explores
the extent to which the Muslim Brotherhood has adapted as an organization in the past
decade.
| Sep 01, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Un archipiélago musulmán
Número máximo de L. Bruto
Este libro ha sido muchos años en la fabricación, como explica el autor en su Prefacio, though he wrote most of the actual text during his year as senior Research Fellow with the Center for Strategic Intelligence Research. The author was for many years Dean of the School of Intelligence Studies at the Joint Military Intelligence College. Even though it may appear that the book could have been written by any good historian or Southeast Asia regional specialist, this work is illuminated by the author’s more than three decades of service within the national Intelligence Community. His regional expertise often has been applied to special assessments for the Community. With a knowledge of Islam unparalleled among his peers and an unquenchable thirst for determining how the goals of this religion might play out in areas far from the focus of most policymakers’ current attention, the author has made the most of this opportunity to acquaint the Intelligence Community and a broader readership with a strategic appreciation of a region in the throes of reconciling secular and religious forces.
This publication has been approved for unrestricted distribution by the Office of Security Review, Department of Defense.
| ago 27, 2010 | Comentarios 0
La democracia en el pensamiento político islámico
Azzam S. Tamimi
Democracy has preoccupied Arab political thinkers since the dawn of the modern Arab renaissance about two centuries ago. Since then, the concept of democracy has changed and developed under the influence of a variety of social and political developments.The discussion of democracy in Arab Islamic literature can be traced back to Rifa’a Tahtawi, the father of Egyptian democracy according to Lewis Awad,[3] who shortly after his return to Cairo from Paris published his first book, Takhlis Al-Ibriz Ila Talkhis Bariz, en 1834. The book summarized his observations of the manners and customs of the modern French,[4] and praised the concept of democracy as he saw it in France and as he witnessed its defence and reassertion through the 1830 Revolution against King Charles X.[5] Tahtawi tried to show that the democratic concept he was explaining to his readers was compatible with the law of Islam. He compared political pluralism to forms of ideological and jurisprudential pluralism that existed in the Islamic experience:
Religious freedom is the freedom of belief, of opinion and of sect, provided it does not contradict the fundamentals of religion . . . The same would apply to the freedom of political practice and opinion by leading administrators, who endeavour to interpret and apply rules and provisions in accordance with the laws of their own countries. Kings and ministers are licensed in the realm of politics to pursue various routes that in the end serve one purpose: good administration and justice.[6] One important landmark in this regard was the contribution of Khairuddin At-Tunisi (1810- 99), leader of the 19th-century reform movement in Tunisia, who, en 1867, formulated a general plan for reform in a book entitled Aqwam Al-Masalik Fi Taqwim Al- Mamalik (The Straight Path to Reforming Governments). The main preoccupation of the book was in tackling the question of political reform in the Arab world. While appealing to politicians and scholars of his time to seek all possible means in order to improve the status of the
community and develop its civility, he warned the general Muslim public against shunning the experiences of other nations on the basis of the misconception that all the writings, inventions, experiences or attitudes of non-Muslims should be rejected or disregarded.
Khairuddin further called for an end to absolutist rule, which he blamed for the oppression of nations and the destruction of civilizations.
| ago 27, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Cultura política islámica, Democracia, y Derechos Humanos
Daniel E. Precio
Se ha argumentado que el Islam facilita el autoritarismo., contradice el
valores de las sociedades occidentales, y afecta significativamente importantes resultados políticos
en las naciones musulmanas. Como consecuencia, eruditos, comentaristas, y gobierno
Los funcionarios apuntan con frecuencia al "fundamentalismo islámico" como el próximo
amenaza ideológica para las democracias liberales. Esta vista, sin embargo,, se basa principalmente
sobre el análisis de textos, teoría política islámica, y estudios ad hoc
de países individuales, que no consideran otros factores. es mi argumento
que los textos y tradiciones del Islam, como los de otras religiones,
se puede utilizar para apoyar una variedad de sistemas políticos y políticas. País
estudios específicos y descriptivos no nos ayudan a encontrar patrones que ayuden
Expliquemos las distintas relaciones entre el islam y la política en todo el mundo.
paises del mundo musulman. Por eso, un nuevo enfoque para el estudio de la
Se requiere una conexión entre el Islam y la política..
yo sugiero, a través de una evaluación rigurosa de la relación entre el Islam,
la democracia, y derechos humanos a nivel transnacional, que demasiado
se está poniendo énfasis en el poder del Islam como fuerza política. yo primero
utilizar estudios de casos comparativos, que se centran en factores relacionados con la interacción
entre grupos y regímenes islámicos, influencias economicas, divisiones étnicas,
y desarrollo social, para explicar la variación en la influencia de
Islam en la política a través de ocho naciones.
| ago 24, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Cultura política islámica, Democracia, y Derechos Humanos
Daniel E. Precio
Se ha argumentado que el Islam facilita el autoritarismo., contradice el
valores de las sociedades occidentales, y afecta significativamente importantes resultados políticos
en las naciones musulmanas. Como consecuencia, eruditos, comentaristas, y gobierno
Los funcionarios apuntan con frecuencia al "fundamentalismo islámico" como el próximo
amenaza ideológica para las democracias liberales. Esta vista, sin embargo,, se basa principalmente
sobre el análisis de textos, teoría política islámica, y estudios ad hoc
de países individuales, que no consideran otros factores. es mi argumento
que los textos y tradiciones del Islam, como los de otras religiones,
se puede utilizar para apoyar una variedad de sistemas políticos y políticas. País
estudios específicos y descriptivos no nos ayudan a encontrar patrones que ayuden
Expliquemos las distintas relaciones entre el islam y la política en todo el mundo.
paises del mundo musulman. Por eso, un nuevo enfoque para el estudio de la
Se requiere una conexión entre el Islam y la política..
yo sugiero, a través de una evaluación rigurosa de la relación entre el Islam,
la democracia, y derechos humanos a nivel transnacional, que demasiado
se está poniendo énfasis en el poder del Islam como fuerza política. yo primero
utilizar estudios de casos comparativos, que se centran en factores relacionados con la interacción
entre grupos y regímenes islámicos, influencias economicas, divisiones étnicas,
y desarrollo social, para explicar la variación en la influencia de
Islam en la política a través de ocho naciones.
| ago 22, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Los partidos de oposición islamistas y el potencial para el compromiso de la UE
Toby Archer
Heidi Huuhtanen
A la luz de la creciente importancia de los movimientos islamistas en el mundo musulmán y
la forma en que la radicalización ha influido en los acontecimientos mundiales desde el cambio de siglo, eso
Es importante que la UE evalúe sus políticas hacia los actores dentro de lo que puede
llamado el "mundo islámico". Es particularmente importante preguntarse si y cómo involucrar
con los diversos grupos islamistas.
Esto sigue siendo controvertido incluso dentro de la UE.. Algunos sienten que los valores islámicos que
se encuentran detrás de los partidos islamistas son simplemente incompatibles con los ideales occidentales de democracia y
derechos humanos, mientras que otros ven el compromiso como una necesidad realista debido a la creciente
importancia doméstica de los partidos islamistas y su creciente participación en
asuntos. Otra perspectiva es que la democratización en el mundo musulmán aumentaría
seguridad europea. La validez de estos y otros argumentos sobre si y cómo el
La UE debe comprometerse solo puede probarse estudiando los diferentes movimientos islamistas y
sus circunstancias politicas, país por país.
La democratización es un tema central de las acciones de política exterior común de la UE, como se puso
en el artículo 11 del Tratado de la Unión Europea. Muchos de los estados considerados en este
informe no son democráticos, o no totalmente democrático. En la mayoría de estos países, islamista
partidos y movimientos constituyen una oposición significativa a los regímenes imperantes, y
en algunos forman el mayor bloque de oposición. Las democracias europeas han tenido que
hacer frente a los regímenes de gobierno que son autoritarios, pero es un fenómeno nuevo para presionar
para la reforma democrática en estados donde los beneficiarios más probables podrían haber, desde el
El punto de vista de la UE, enfoques diferentes y a veces problemáticos de la democracia y su
valores relacionados, como los derechos de las minorías y de las mujeres y el estado de derecho. Estos cargos son
a menudo contra los movimientos islamistas, por lo que es importante que los responsables políticos europeos
tener una imagen precisa de las políticas y filosofías de los socios potenciales.
Las experiencias de diferentes países tienden a sugerir que cuanto más libertad islamista
se permiten fiestas, cuanto más moderados son en sus acciones e ideas. En muchos
casos Hace tiempo que los partidos y grupos islamistas se han alejado de su objetivo original
de establecer un estado islámico regido por la ley islámica, y han llegado a aceptar lo básico
principios democráticos de la competencia electoral por el poder, la existencia de otras políticas
competidores, y pluralismo político.
| ago 21, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Islam político en el Medio Oriente
Si Knudsen
This report provides an introduction to selected aspects of the phenomenon commonly
referred to as “political Islam”. The report gives special emphasis to the Middle East, en
particular the Levantine countries, and outlines two aspects of the Islamist movement that may
be considered polar opposites: democracy and political violence. In the third section the report
reviews some of the main theories used to explain the Islamic resurgence in the Middle East
(nombra y destituye a los gobernadores 1). In brief, the report shows that Islam need not be incompatible with democracy and
that there is a tendency to neglect the fact that many Middle Eastern countries have been
engaged in a brutal suppression of Islamist movements, causing them, some argue, to take up
arms against the state, and more rarely, foreign countries. The use of political violence is
widespread in the Middle East, but is neither illogical nor irrational. In many cases even
Islamist groups known for their use of violence have been transformed into peaceful political
parties successfully contesting municipal and national elections. Nonetheless, the Islamist
revival in the Middle East remains in part unexplained despite a number of theories seeking to
account for its growth and popular appeal. In general, most theories hold that Islamism is a
reaction to relative deprivation, especially social inequality and political oppression. Alternative
theories seek the answer to the Islamist revival within the confines of religion itself and the
powerful, evocative potential of religious symbolism.
The conclusion argues in favour of moving beyond the “gloom and doom” approach that
portrays Islamism as an illegitimate political expression and a potential threat to the West (“Old
Islamism”), and of a more nuanced understanding of the current democratisation of the Islamist
movement that is now taking place throughout the Middle East (“New Islamism”). This
importance of understanding the ideological roots of the “New Islamism” is foregrounded
along with the need for thorough first-hand knowledge of Islamist movements and their
adherents. As social movements, its is argued that more emphasis needs to be placed on
understanding the ways in which they have been capable of harnessing the aspirations not only
of the poorer sections of society but also of the middle class.
| ago 20, 2010 | Comentarios 0
ESTRATEGIAS PARA PARTICIPAR EN EL ISLAM POLÍTICO
SHADI HAMID
AMANDA Kadlec
Political Islam is the single most active political force in the Middle East today. Its future is intimately tied to that of the region. If the United States and the European Union are committed to supporting political reform in the region, they will need to devise concrete, coherent strategies for engaging Islamist groups. Yet, the U.S. has generally been unwilling to open a dialogue with these movements. Similarmente, EU engagement with Islamists has been the exception, not the rule. Where low-level contacts exist, they mainly serve information-gathering purposes, not strategic objectives. The U.S. and EU have a number of programs that address economic and political development in the region – among them the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), the Union for the Mediterranean, and the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) – yet they have little to say about how the challenge of Islamist political opposition fits within broader regional objectives. EE.UU.. and EU democracy assistance and programming are directed almost entirely to either authoritarian governments themselves or secular civil society groups with minimal support in their own societies.
The time is ripe for a reassessment of current policies. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, supporting Middle East democracy has assumed a greater importance for Western policymakers, who see a link between lack of democracy and political violence. Greater attention has been devoted to understanding the variations within political Islam. The new American administration is more open to broadening communication with the Muslim world. Mientras tanto, the vast majority of mainstream Islamist organizations – including the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Jordan’s Islamic Action Front (IAF), Morocco’s Justice and Development Party (PJD), the Islamic Constitutional Movement of Kuwait, and the Yemeni Islah Party – have increasingly made support for political reform and democracy a central component in their political platforms. In addition, many have signaled strong interest in opening dialogue with U.S. and EU governments.
The future of relations between Western nations and the Middle East may be largely determined by the degree to which the former engage nonviolent Islamist parties in a broad dialogue about shared interests and objectives. There has been a recent proliferation of studies on engagement with Islamists, but few clearly address what it might entail in practice. As Zoé Nautré, visiting fellow at the German Council on Foreign Relations, puts it, “the EU is thinking about engagement but doesn’t really know how.”1 In the hope of clarifying the discussion, we distinguish between three levels of “engagement,” each with varying means and ends: low-level contacts, strategic dialogue, and partnership.
| ago 19, 2010 | Comentarios 0
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