Todas las inscripciones en el "Jordania MB" Categoría
islam, Islam político y América
Árabe penetración
¿Es posible la “hermandad” con Estados Unidos??
khalil al anani
“No hay posibilidad de comunicarse con ningún estadounidense. administración mientras Estados Unidos mantenga su visión de larga data del Islam como un peligro real, una visión que pone a los Estados Unidos en el mismo barco que el enemigo sionista. No tenemos nociones preconcebidas sobre el pueblo estadounidense o los EE. UU.. sociedad y sus organizaciones cívicas y think tanks. No tenemos problemas para comunicarnos con el pueblo estadounidense, pero no se están haciendo los esfuerzos adecuados para acercarnos,dijo el Dr.. Issam al-Iryan, jefe del departamento político de los Hermanos Musulmanes en una entrevista telefónica.
Las palabras de Al-Iryan resumen los puntos de vista de la Hermandad Musulmana sobre el pueblo estadounidense y los EE. UU.. gobierno. Otros miembros de la Hermandad Musulmana estarían de acuerdo, como lo haría el difunto Hassan al-Banna, que fundó el grupo en 1928. Alabama- Banna veía a Occidente principalmente como un símbolo de decadencia moral.. Otros salafistas, una escuela de pensamiento islámica que se basa en los antepasados como modelos ejemplares, han tenido la misma visión de los Estados Unidos., pero carecen de la flexibilidad ideológica propugnada por los Hermanos Musulmanes. Mientras que la Hermandad Musulmana cree en involucrar a los estadounidenses en el diálogo civil, otros grupos extremistas no ven ningún sentido en el diálogo y sostienen que la fuerza es la única forma de tratar con los Estados Unidos.
| Sep 15, 2010 | Comentarios 0
El islamismo revisitado
MAHA Azzam
Hay una crisis política y de seguridad en torno a lo que se denomina islamismo., una crisis cuyos antecedentes preceden mucho 9/11. sobre el pasado 25 años, ha habido diferentes énfasis en cómo explicar y combatir el islamismo. Analistas y formuladores de políticas.
en las décadas de 1980 y 1990 se habló de las causas fundamentales de la militancia islámica como el malestar económico y la marginación. Más recientemente, ha habido un enfoque en la reforma política como un medio para socavar el atractivo del radicalismo.. Cada vez más hoy, the ideological and religious aspects of Islamism need to be addressed because they have become features of a wider political and security debate. Whether in connection with Al-Qaeda terrorism, political reform in the Muslim world, the nuclear issue in Iran or areas of crisis such as Palestine or Lebanon, it has become commonplace to fi nd that ideology and religion are used by opposing parties as sources of legitimization, inspiration and enmity.
The situation is further complicated today by the growing antagonism towards and fear of Islam in the West because of terrorist attacks which in turn impinge on attitudes towards immigration, religion and culture. The boundaries of the umma or community of the faithful have stretched beyond Muslim states to European cities. La umma existe potencialmente dondequiera que haya comunidades musulmanas.. El sentido compartido de pertenencia a una fe común aumenta en un entorno donde el sentido de integración en la comunidad circundante no está claro y donde la discriminación puede ser evidente.. Cuanto mayor es el rechazo a los valores de la sociedad,
ya sea en Occidente o incluso en un estado musulmán, mayor será la consolidación de la fuerza moral del Islam como identidad cultural y sistema de valores.
Después de los atentados en Londres el 7 Julio 2005 se hizo más evidente que algunos jóvenes afirmaban su compromiso religioso como una forma de expresar su etnicidad. Los vínculos entre los musulmanes de todo el mundo y su percepción de que los musulmanes son vulnerables han llevado a muchos en muy diferentes partes del mundo a fusionar sus propios problemas locales con los musulmanes más amplios., haber identificado culturalmente, ya sea principal o parcialmente, con un Islam ampliamente definido.
| Sep 06, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Islam y Democracia
ITAC
If one reads the press or listens to commentators on international affairs, it is often said – and even more often implied but not said – that Islam is not compatible with democracy. In the nineties, Samuel Huntington set off an intellectual firestorm when he published The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, in which he presents his forecasts for the world – writ large. In the political realm, he notes that while Turkey and Pakistan might have some small claim to “democratic legitimacy” all other “… Muslim countries were overwhelmingly non-democratic: monarchies, one-party systems, military regimes, personal dictatorships or some combination of these, usually resting on a limited family, clan, or tribal base”. The premise on which his argument is founded is that they are not only ‘not like us’, they are actually opposed to our essential democratic values. He believes, as do others, that while the idea of Western democratization is being resisted in other parts of the world, the confrontation is most notable in those regions where Islam is the dominant faith.
The argument has also been made from the other side as well. An Iranian religious scholar, reflecting on an early twentieth-century constitutional crisis in his country, declared that Islam and democracy are not compatible because people are not equal and a legislative body is unnecessary because of the inclusive nature of Islamic religious law. A similar position was taken more recently by Ali Belhadj, an Algerian high school teacher, preacher and (in this context) leader of the FIS, when he declared “democracy was not an Islamic concept”. Perhaps the most dramatic statement to this effect was that of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, leader of the Sunni insurgents in Iraq who, when faced with the prospect of an election, denounced democracy as “an evil principle”.
But according to some Muslim scholars, democracy remains an important ideal in Islam, with the caveat that it is always subject to the religious law. The emphasis on the paramount place of the shari’a is an element of almost every Islamic comment on governance, moderate or extremist. Only if the ruler, who receives his authority from God, limits his actions to the “supervision of the administration of the shari’a” is he to be obeyed. If he does other than this, he is a non-believer and committed Muslims are to rebel against him. Herein lies the justification for much of the violence that has plagued the Muslim world in such struggles as that prevailing in Algeria during the 90s
| Sep 04, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Cultura política islámica, Democracia, y Derechos Humanos
Daniel E. Precio
Se ha argumentado que el Islam facilita el autoritarismo., contradice el
valores de las sociedades occidentales, y afecta significativamente importantes resultados políticos
en las naciones musulmanas. Como consecuencia, eruditos, comentaristas, y gobierno
Los funcionarios apuntan con frecuencia al "fundamentalismo islámico" como el próximo
amenaza ideológica para las democracias liberales. Esta vista, sin embargo,, se basa principalmente
sobre el análisis de textos, teoría política islámica, y estudios ad hoc
de países individuales, que no consideran otros factores. es mi argumento
que los textos y tradiciones del Islam, como los de otras religiones,
se puede utilizar para apoyar una variedad de sistemas políticos y políticas. País
estudios específicos y descriptivos no nos ayudan a encontrar patrones que ayuden
Expliquemos las distintas relaciones entre el islam y la política en todo el mundo.
paises del mundo musulman. Por eso, un nuevo enfoque para el estudio de la
Se requiere una conexión entre el Islam y la política..
yo sugiero, a través de una evaluación rigurosa de la relación entre el Islam,
la democracia, y derechos humanos a nivel transnacional, que demasiado
se está poniendo énfasis en el poder del Islam como fuerza política. yo primero
utilizar estudios de casos comparativos, que se centran en factores relacionados con la interacción
entre grupos y regímenes islámicos, influencias economicas, divisiones étnicas,
y desarrollo social, para explicar la variación en la influencia de
Islam en la política a través de ocho naciones.
| ago 24, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Cultura política islámica, Democracia, y Derechos Humanos
Daniel E. Precio
Se ha argumentado que el Islam facilita el autoritarismo., contradice el
valores de las sociedades occidentales, y afecta significativamente importantes resultados políticos
en las naciones musulmanas. Como consecuencia, eruditos, comentaristas, y gobierno
Los funcionarios apuntan con frecuencia al "fundamentalismo islámico" como el próximo
amenaza ideológica para las democracias liberales. Esta vista, sin embargo,, se basa principalmente
sobre el análisis de textos, teoría política islámica, y estudios ad hoc
de países individuales, que no consideran otros factores. es mi argumento
que los textos y tradiciones del Islam, como los de otras religiones,
se puede utilizar para apoyar una variedad de sistemas políticos y políticas. País
estudios específicos y descriptivos no nos ayudan a encontrar patrones que ayuden
Expliquemos las distintas relaciones entre el islam y la política en todo el mundo.
paises del mundo musulman. Por eso, un nuevo enfoque para el estudio de la
Se requiere una conexión entre el Islam y la política..
yo sugiero, a través de una evaluación rigurosa de la relación entre el Islam,
la democracia, y derechos humanos a nivel transnacional, que demasiado
se está poniendo énfasis en el poder del Islam como fuerza política. yo primero
utilizar estudios de casos comparativos, que se centran en factores relacionados con la interacción
entre grupos y regímenes islámicos, influencias economicas, divisiones étnicas,
y desarrollo social, para explicar la variación en la influencia de
Islam en la política a través de ocho naciones.
| ago 22, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Islam político en el Medio Oriente
Si Knudsen
This report provides an introduction to selected aspects of the phenomenon commonly
referred to as “political Islam”. The report gives special emphasis to the Middle East, en
particular the Levantine countries, and outlines two aspects of the Islamist movement that may
be considered polar opposites: democracy and political violence. In the third section the report
reviews some of the main theories used to explain the Islamic resurgence in the Middle East
(nombra y destituye a los gobernadores 1). In brief, the report shows that Islam need not be incompatible with democracy and
that there is a tendency to neglect the fact that many Middle Eastern countries have been
engaged in a brutal suppression of Islamist movements, causing them, some argue, to take up
arms against the state, and more rarely, foreign countries. The use of political violence is
widespread in the Middle East, but is neither illogical nor irrational. In many cases even
Islamist groups known for their use of violence have been transformed into peaceful political
parties successfully contesting municipal and national elections. Nonetheless, the Islamist
revival in the Middle East remains in part unexplained despite a number of theories seeking to
account for its growth and popular appeal. In general, most theories hold that Islamism is a
reaction to relative deprivation, especially social inequality and political oppression. Alternative
theories seek the answer to the Islamist revival within the confines of religion itself and the
powerful, evocative potential of religious symbolism.
The conclusion argues in favour of moving beyond the “gloom and doom” approach that
portrays Islamism as an illegitimate political expression and a potential threat to the West (“Old
Islamism”), and of a more nuanced understanding of the current democratisation of the Islamist
movement that is now taking place throughout the Middle East (“New Islamism”). This
importance of understanding the ideological roots of the “New Islamism” is foregrounded
along with the need for thorough first-hand knowledge of Islamist movements and their
adherents. As social movements, its is argued that more emphasis needs to be placed on
understanding the ways in which they have been capable of harnessing the aspirations not only
of the poorer sections of society but also of the middle class.
| ago 20, 2010 | Comentarios 0
ESTRATEGIAS PARA PARTICIPAR EN EL ISLAM POLÍTICO
SHADI HAMID
AMANDA Kadlec
Political Islam is the single most active political force in the Middle East today. Its future is intimately tied to that of the region. If the United States and the European Union are committed to supporting political reform in the region, they will need to devise concrete, coherent strategies for engaging Islamist groups. Yet, the U.S. has generally been unwilling to open a dialogue with these movements. Similarmente, EU engagement with Islamists has been the exception, not the rule. Where low-level contacts exist, they mainly serve information-gathering purposes, not strategic objectives. The U.S. and EU have a number of programs that address economic and political development in the region – among them the Middle East Partnership Initiative (MEPI), the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), the Union for the Mediterranean, and the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) – yet they have little to say about how the challenge of Islamist political opposition fits within broader regional objectives. EE.UU.. and EU democracy assistance and programming are directed almost entirely to either authoritarian governments themselves or secular civil society groups with minimal support in their own societies.
The time is ripe for a reassessment of current policies. Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, supporting Middle East democracy has assumed a greater importance for Western policymakers, who see a link between lack of democracy and political violence. Greater attention has been devoted to understanding the variations within political Islam. The new American administration is more open to broadening communication with the Muslim world. Mientras tanto, the vast majority of mainstream Islamist organizations – including the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, Jordan’s Islamic Action Front (IAF), Morocco’s Justice and Development Party (PJD), the Islamic Constitutional Movement of Kuwait, and the Yemeni Islah Party – have increasingly made support for political reform and democracy a central component in their political platforms. In addition, many have signaled strong interest in opening dialogue with U.S. and EU governments.
The future of relations between Western nations and the Middle East may be largely determined by the degree to which the former engage nonviolent Islamist parties in a broad dialogue about shared interests and objectives. There has been a recent proliferation of studies on engagement with Islamists, but few clearly address what it might entail in practice. As Zoé Nautré, visiting fellow at the German Council on Foreign Relations, puts it, “the EU is thinking about engagement but doesn’t really know how.”1 In the hope of clarifying the discussion, we distinguish between three levels of “engagement,” each with varying means and ends: low-level contacts, strategic dialogue, and partnership.
| ago 19, 2010 | Comentarios 0
partidos islamistas : Tres clases de movimientos
Tamara Cofman
Between 1991 y 2001, the world of political Islam became significantly more diverse. Este Dia, the term “Islamist”—used to describe a political perspective centrally informed by a set of religious interpretations and commitments—can be applied to such a wide array of groups as to be almost meaningless. It encompasses everyone from the terrorists who flew planes into the World Trade Center to peacefully elected legislators in Kuwait who have voted in favor of women’s suffrage.
Nonetheless, the prominence of Islamist movements—legal and illegal, violent and peaceful—in the ranks of political oppositions across the Arab world makes the necessity of drawing relevant distinctions obvious. The religious discourse of the Islamists is now unavoidably central to Arab politics. Conventional policy discussions label Islamists either “moderate” or “radical,” generally categorizing them according to two rather loose and unhelpful criteria. The first is violence: Radicals use it and moderates do not. This begs the question of how to classify groups that do not themselves engage in violence but who condone, justify, or even actively support the violence of others. A second, only somewhat more restrictive criterion is whether the groups or individuals in question
accept the rules of the democratic electoral game. Popular sovereignty is no small concession for traditional Islamists, many of whom reject democratically elected governments as usurpers of God’s sovereignty.
Yet commitment to the procedural rules of democratic elections is not the same as commitment to democratic politics or governance.
| ago 18, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Partes islamistas : Una bendición o una ruina para la democracia?
, Amr Hamzawy
Nathan J. Marrón
What role do Islamist movements play in Arab politics? With their popular messages and broad followings within Arab societies, would their incorporation as normal political actors be a boon for democratization or democracy’s bane? For too long, we have tried to answer such questions solely by speculating about the true intentions of these movements and their leaders. Islamist political movements in the Arab world are increasingly asked—both by outside observers and by members of their own societies—about their true intentions.
But to hear them tell it, leaders of mainstream Arab Islamist movements are not the problem. They see themselves as democrats in nondemocratic lands, firmly committed to clean and fair electoral processes, whatever outcomes these may bring. It is rulers and regimes that should be pressed to commit to democracy, say the Islamists, not their oppositions. We need not take such Islamist leaders at their word. En efecto, we should realize that there is only so much that any of their words can do to answer the question of the relationship between these movements and the prospects for democracy.
While their words are increasingly numerous (Islamist movements tend to be quite loquacious) and their answers about democracy increasingly specific, their ability to resolve all ambiguities is limited. Primero, as long as they are out of power—as most of them are, and are likely to remain for some time—they will never fully prove themselves. Many Islamist leaders themselves probably do not know how they would act were they to come to power.
| ago 18, 2010 | Comentarios 0
LOS MOVIMIENTOS ISLAMISTAS Y EL PROCESO DEMOCRÁTICO EN EL MUNDO ÁRABE: Explorando las zonas grises
Nathan J. Marrón, , Amr Hamzawy,
Marina Ottaway
During the last decade, Islamist movements have established themselves as major political players in the Middle East. Together with the governments, Los movimientos islamistas, moderate as well as radical, will determine how the politics of the region unfold in the foreseeable future. Th ey have shown the ability not only to craft messages with widespread popular appeal but also, and most importantly, to create organizations with genuine social bases and develop coherent political strategies. Other parties,
by and large, have failed on all accounts.
Th e public in the West and, in particular, the United States, has only become aware of the importance of Islamist movements after dramatic events, such as the revolution in Iran and the assassination of President Anwar al-Sadat in Egypt. Attention has been far more sustained since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. As a result, Islamist movements are widely regarded as dangerous and hostile. While such a characterization is accurate regarding organizations at the radical end of the Islamist spectrum, which are dangerous because of their willingness to resort to indiscriminate violence in pursuing their goals, it is not an accurate characterization of the many groups that have renounced or avoided violence. Because terrorist organizations pose an immediate
threat, sin embargo,, policy makers in all countries have paid disproportionate attention to the violent organizations.
It is the mainstream Islamist organizations, not the radical ones, that will have the greatest impact on the future political evolution of the Middle East. Th e radicals’ grandiose goals of re-establishing a caliphate uniting the entire Arab world, or even of imposing on individual Arab countries laws and social customs inspired by a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam are simply too far removed from today’s reality to be realized. Th is does not mean that terrorist groups are not dangerous—they could cause great loss of life even in the pursuit of impossible goals—but that they are unlikely to change the face of the Middle East. Mainstream Islamist organizations are generally a diff erent matter. Th ey already have had a powerful impact on social customs in many countries, halting and reversing secularist trends and changing the way many Arabs dress and behave. And their immediate political goal, to become a powerful force by participating in the normal politics of their country, is not an impossible one. It is already being realized in countries such as Morocco, Jordania, and even Egypt, which still bans all Islamist political organizations but now has eighty-eight Muslim Brothers in the Parliament. Política, not violence, is what gives mainstream Islamists their infl uence.
| ago 18, 2010 | Comentarios 0
RADICALIZACIÓN ISLAMISTA
PREFACE
RICHARD YOUNGS
MICHAEL EMERSON
Issues relating to political Islam continue to present challenges to European foreign policies in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). As EU policy has sought to come to terms with such challenges during the last decade or so political Islam itself has evolved. Experts point to the growing complexity and variety of trends within political Islam. Some Islamist organisations have strengthened their commitment to democratic norms and engaged fully in peaceable, mainstream national politics. Others remain wedded to violent means. And still others have drifted towards a more quietist form of Islam, disengaged from political activity. Political Islam in the MENA region presents no uniform trend to European policymakers. Analytical debate has grown around the concept of ‘radicalisation’. This in turn has spawned research on the factors driving ‘de-radicalisation’, and conversely, ‘re-radicalisation’. Much of the complexity derives from the widely held view that all three of these phenomena are occurring at the same time. Even the terms themselves are contested. It has often been pointed out that the moderate–radical dichotomy fails fully to capture the nuances of trends within political Islam. Some analysts also complain that talk of ‘radicalism’ is ideologically loaded. At the level of terminology, we understand radicalisation to be associated with extremism, but views differ over the centrality of its religious–fundamentalist versus political content, and over whether the willingness to resort to violence is implied or not.
Such differences are reflected in the views held by the Islamists themselves, as well as in the perceptions of outsiders.
| ago 17, 2010 | Comentarios 0
ISLAM, islamistas, Y EL PRINCIPIO ELECTORAL EN ORIENTE MEDIO
James Piscatori
For an idea whose time has supposedly come, ÒdemocracyÓ masks an astonishing
number of unanswered questions and, in the Muslim world, has generated
a remarkable amount of heat. Is it a culturally specific term, reflecting Western
European experiences over several centuries? Do non-Western societies possess
their own standards of participation and accountabilityÑand indeed their own
rhythms of developmentÑwhich command attention, if not respect? Does Islam,
with its emphasis on scriptural authority and the centrality of sacred law, allow
for flexible politics and participatory government?
The answers to these questions form part of a narrative and counter-narrative
that themselves are an integral part of a contested discourse. The larger story
concerns whether or not ÒIslamÓ constitutes a threat to the West, and the supplementary
story involves IslamÕs compatibility with democracy. The intellectual
baggage, to change the metaphor, is scarcely neutral. The discussion itself has
become acutely politicised, caught in the related controversies over Orientalism,
the exceptionalism of the Middle East in particular and the Muslim world in general,
and the modernism of religious ÒfundamentalistÓ movements.
| ago 17, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Islam político y política exterior europea
POLITICAL ISLAM AND THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY
MICHAEL EMERSON
RICHARD YOUNGS
Since 2001 and the international events that ensued the nature of the relationship between the West and political Islam has become a definingissue for foreign policy. In recent years a considerable amount of research and analysis has been undertaken on the issue of political Islam. This has helped to correct some of the simplistic and alarmist assumptions previously held in the West about the nature of Islamist values and intentions. Parallel to this, the European Union (EU) has developed a number of policy initiatives primarily the European Neighbourhood Policy(ENP) that in principle commit to dialogue and deeper engagement all(non-violent) political actors and civil society organisations within Arab countries. Yet many analysts and policy-makers now complain of a certain a trophy in both conceptual debate and policy development. It has been established that political Islam is a changing landscape, deeply affected bya range of circumstances, but debate often seems to have stuck on the simplistic question of ‘are Islamists democratic?’ Many independent analysts have nevertheless advocated engagement with Islamists, but theactual rapprochement between Western governments and Islamist organisations remains limited .
| ago 17, 2010 | Comentarios 0
La Hermandad Musulmana Moderada
Robert S. Leiken
Steven Brooke
The Muslim Brotherhood is the world’s oldest, largest, and most influential Islamist organization. It is also the most controversial,
condemned by both conventional opinion in the West and radical opinion in the Middle East. American commentators have called the Muslim Brothers “radical Islamists” and “a vital component of the enemy’s assault force … deeply hostile to the United States.” Al Qaeda’s Ayman al-Zawahiri sneers at them for “lur[ing] thousands of young Muslim men into lines for elections … instead of into the lines of jihad.” Jihadists loathe the Muslim Brotherhood (known in Arabic as al-Ikhwan al-Muslimeen) for rejecting global jihad and embracing democracy. These positions seem to make them moderates, the very thing the United States, short on allies in the Muslim world, seeks.
But the Ikhwan also assails U.S. política exterior, especially Washington’s support for Israel, and questions linger about its actual commitment to the democratic process. Over the past year, we have met with dozens of Brotherhood leaders and activists from Egypt, Francia, Jordania, España, Siria,Túnez, and the United Kingdom.
| ago 16, 2010 | Comentarios 0
La gestión del activismo islámico: salafistas, La Hermandad Musulmana, y poder estatal en Jordania
Faisal Ghori
In his first book, La gestión del activismo islámico, Quintan Wiktorowicz examines the Jordanian Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafis through the lens of social movement theory. Unlike some political scientists who dismiss Islamic movements because of their informal networks, Wiktorowicz contends that social movement theory is an apt framework through which Islamic movements can be examined and studied. In this regard, his work leads the field. Yet for all its promise, this book largely fails to deliver.
The book is divided into four primary sections, through which he tries to construct his conclusion: Jordanian political liberalization has occurred because of structural necessities, not because of its commitment to democratization. In addition, the state has been masterful in what he dubs the “management of collective action,” (p. 3) which has, for all practical purposes, stifled any real opposition. While his conclusion is certainly tenable, given his extensive fieldwork, the book is poorly organized and much of the evidence examined earlier in the work leaves many questions unanswered.
| ago 14, 2010 | Comentarios 0
Lo que lleva a los votantes a apoyar a la oposición bajo el autoritarismo ?
Michael DH. Robbins
Elections have become commonplace in most authoritarian states. While this may seem to be a contradiction in terms, in reality elections play an important role in these regimes. While elections for positions of real power tend to be non-competitive, many
elections—including those for seemingly toothless parliaments—can be strongly contested.
The existing literature has focused on the role that elections play in supporting the regime. Por ejemplo, they can help let off steam, help the regime take the temperature of society, or can be used to help a dominant party know which individuals it should promote (Schedler 2002; Blaydes 2006). Yet, while the literature has focused on the supply-side of elections in authoritarian states, there are relatively few systematic studies of voter behavior in these elections (see Lust-Okar 2006 for an exception). Bastante, most analyses have argued that patronage politics are the norm in these societies and that ordinary citizens tend to be very cynical about these exercises given that they cannot bring any real change (Kassem 2004; Desposato 2001; Zaki 1995). While the majority of voters in authoritarian systems may behave in this manner, not all do. De hecho, at times, even the majority vote against the regime leading to
significant changes as has occurred recently in Kenya, the Ukraine and Zimbabwe. Yet, even in cases where opposition voters make up a much smaller percentage of voters, it is important to understand who these voters are and what leads them to vote against the
regime.
| ago 14, 2010 | Comentarios 0
IkhwanScope En Facebook
IkhwanScope en Scribd
IkhwanScope en Twitter