Le transizioni politiche nel mondo arabo

Dina Shehata

The year 2007 marked the end of a brief interval of political liberalization in the Arab world which began shortly after the occupation of Iraq and which resulted primarily from external pressures on Arab regimes to reform and democratize. Pressioni esterne durante il 2003-2006 periodo ha creato un'apertura politica che gli attivisti in tutta la regione erano soliti premere per richieste di lunga data di riforma politica e costituzionale. Di fronte a una combinazione di crescenti pressioni esterne e interne per riformare, I regimi arabi sono stati costretti a fare alcune concessioni ai loro sfidanti. In Egitto, su richiesta del Presidente, Il Parlamento ha approvato un emendamento costituzionale per consentire elezioni presidenziali competitive dirette. Nel settembre 2005, L'Egitto ha assistito alle sue prime elezioni presidenziali competitive in assoluto e, come previsto, Mubarak è stato eletto per un quinto mandato con l'87% dei voti. inoltre,durante il novembre 2005 elezioni parlamentari,che erano più libere delle precedenti elezioni, i Fratelli Musulmani, il più grande movimento di opposizione in Egitto, ha vinto 88 seggi. This was the largest number of seats won by an opposition group in Egypt since the 1952 revolution.Similarly, in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections, Hamas won a majority of the seats.Hamas was thereby able to establish control over the Palestinian Legislative Council which had been dominated by Fatah since the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1996. In Lebanon, in the wake of the assassination of Rafiq Hariri on 14th February2005, a coalition of pro-Hariri political forces was ablet hrough broad-based mass mobilization and external support to force Syrian troops to pull out from Lebanon and the pro-Syrian Government to resign. Elections were held, and the 14th February coalition was able to win a plurality of the votes and to form a new government.In Morocco, King Mohamed VI oversaw the establishment of a truth and reconciliation committee which sought to address the grievances of those who had been abused under the reign of his father.The Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC) also under took some important reforms during the 2003-2006 period. In 2003 Qatar promulgated a written constitution for the first time in its history. In 2005,Saudi Arabia convened municipal elections for the firsttime in five decades. And in 2006, Bahrain held parliamentaryelections in which the Shiite society of AlWefaqwon 40%of the seats. Subsequently, the first Shiitedeputy prime minister in Bahrain was appointed.Theses events, which came to be known as ‘the Arab Spring,’ led some optimists to believe that the Arabworld was on the brink of a democratic transformation similar to those experienced in Latin American and Eastern and Central Europe during the 1980s and1990s. Tuttavia, nel 2007, as political liberalization gave way to heightened polarization and to renewed repression,these hopes were dispelled. The failure ofthe openings of the 2003-2006 period to create a sustained momentum towards democratization can beat tributed to a number of factors. The deteriorating security situation in Iraq and the failure of the United States to create a stable and democratic regime dampened support for democracy promotion efforts within the American administration and reinforced the views ofthose who held that security and stability must come before democracy. inoltre, the electoral successes of Islamists in Egypt and in Palestine further dampened Western support for democracy promotion efforts in the region since the principals of thesemovements were perceived to be at odds with the interestsof theWest.

Archiviato in: EgittoIn primo pianoHamasJemaah IslamiyahFratelli musulmaniPalestinaStudi & RicercheSiria

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