में आतंकवादी और अतिवादी आंदोलनों मध्य पूर्व

Terrorism and asymmetric warfare are scarcely new features of the Middle Eastern military balance, and Islamicextremism is scarcely the only source of extremist violence. There are many serious ethnic and sectarian differencesin the Middle East, और ये लंबे समय से दिए गए राज्यों के भीतर छिटपुट हिंसा का कारण बने हैं, and sometimes to major civilconflicts. यमन में गृह युद्ध और ओमान में ढोफर विद्रोह इसके उदाहरण हैं, as are the long history of civilwar in Lebanon and Syria’s violent suppression of Islamic political groups that opposed the regime of Hafez al-Asad. फ़िलिस्तीनी मुक्ति संगठन की बढ़ती शक्ति (पीएलओ) led to a civil war in Jordan in September1970. ईरानी क्रांति में 1979 इसके बाद गंभीर राजनीतिक लड़ाई हुई, and an effort to export a theocraticrevolution that helped trigger the Iran-Iraq War. Bahrain and Saudi Arabia have both had civil clashes between theirSunni ruling elites and hostile Shi’ites and these clashes led to significant violence in the case of Saudi Arabia.There also, तथापि, इस क्षेत्र में हिंसक इस्लामी चरमपंथ का एक लंबा इतिहास रहा है, sometimes encouraged byregimes that later became the target of the very Islamists they initially supported. Sadat attempted to use Islamicmovements as a counter to his secular opposition in Egypt only to be assassinated by one such movement after hispeace agreement with Israel. इज़राइल ने इस्लामिक आंदोलनों को प्रायोजित करना सुरक्षित समझा: 1967 as a counter to thePLO, केवल हिंसक रूप से इजरायल विरोधी समूहों के तेजी से उभरने को देखने के लिए. North and South Yemen were the scene ofcoups and civil wars since the early 1960s, and it was a civil war in South Yemen that ultimately led to the collapseof its regime and its merger with North Yemen in 1990.The fall of the shah led to an Islamist takeover in Iran, and resistance to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan triggeredan Islamist reaction that still influences the Middle East and the entire Islamic world. Saudi Arabia had to deal withan uprising at the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979. The religious character of this uprising shared many elementsof the movements that arose after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Gulf War in 1991.Algerian efforts to suppress the victory of Islamic political parties in a democratic election in 1992 were followed bya civil war that has lasted ever since. Egypt fought a long and largely successful battle with its own Islamicextremists in the 1990s, but Egypt has only managed to have suppressed such movements rather than eradicatedthem. बाकी अरब दुनिया में, the civil wars in Kosovo and Bosnia helped create new Islamic extremist cadres.Saudi Arabia suffered from two major terrorist attacks before 2001. These attacks struck at a National GuardTraining center and USAF barracks at Al Khobar, and at least one seems to have been the result of Islamicextremists. मोरक्को, Libya, टुनिशिया, जॉर्डन, Bahrain, कतर, ओमान, and Yemen have all seen hard-line Islamistmovements become a serious national threat.While not directly part of the region, the Sudan has fought a 15-year long civil war that has probably cost over twomillion lives, and this war had been supported by hard-line Islamist elements in the Arab north. Somalia has alsobeen the scene of a civil war since 1991 that has allowed Islamist cells to operate in that country.