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IRANSKE KVINNER ETTER DEN ISLAMISKE REVOLUSJONEN

Ansiia Khaz Allii


Mer enn tretti år har gått siden triumfen for den islamske revolusjonen i Iran, likevel gjenstår det en antall spørsmål og uklarheter om måten Den islamske republikk og dens lover håndterer samtidsproblemer og aktuelle forhold, spesielt med hensyn til kvinner og kvinners rettigheter. Denne korte artikkelen vil belyse disse spørsmålene og studere kvinnens nåværende stilling på forskjellige områder, sammenligne dette med situasjonen før den islamske revolusjonen. Pålitelige og autentiserte data er brukt der det er mulig. Innledningen oppsummerer en rekke teoretiske og juridiske studier som gir grunnlag for den påfølgende mer praktiske analysen og er kildene dataene er hentet fra.
Den første delen tar for seg holdningene til ledelsen i Den islamske republikken Iran til kvinner og kvinners rettigheter, og tar deretter et omfattende blikk på lovene som er utstedt siden den islamske revolusjonen om kvinner og deres posisjon i samfunnet. Den andre delen tar for seg kvinners kulturelle og utdanningsutviklingen siden revolusjonen og sammenligner disse med den pre-revolusjonære situasjonen. De tredje avsnitt ser på kvinners politiske, sosial og økonomisk deltakelse og vurderer både kvantitativ og kvalitative aspekter av ansettelsen. Den fjerde delen undersøker deretter spørsmål fra familien, de forholdet mellom kvinner og familien, og familiens rolle i å begrense eller øke kvinners rettigheter i Den islamske republikken Iran.

The Egyptian blogosphere: home of a new feminism

Laura pitel

Has there been a time in your life when you experienced, felt or even heard about a story at the heart of which lay the oppression of a woman because she, a female, lives in a male society?1These were the first words of an email sent in 2006 to Egypt‟s female bloggers, calling upon them to speak out about the problems faced by women in their society. The authors of the invitation were a group of five female Egyptian bloggers who, weeks earlier, had begun We are all Laila – a blogging initiative set-up in order to shed light on the frustrations of being a woman in a patriarchal society. On 9th September, over 70 bloggers contributed to We are all Laila day, successfully creating a storm both in the world of blogging and beyond.The group formed at a time of enormous growth in Egypt‟s online sphere. The popularity of blogs – websites usually run by an individual, made public for anyone to read – took off in the three years up to 2007: pre-2005 there were around 40 Egyptian blogs,2 av 2005 there were about 400,3 and by September 2006 that number is estimated to have been 1800.4 This parallels the growth in the global blogosphere5 which was home to 70 million blogs by April 2007.

Kvinner, work, and Islam in Arab societies

Yusuf Sidani

Arab societies are currently in a state of confusion. Problems of underdevelopment,inequity, institutional deficiencies, and illiteracy are rampant (Arab HumanDevelopment Report, 2002). Arabs seem to be in a futile search for a new identity ina world that is transforming: power structures are shifting, societal expectations arechanging, and male-female relations are developing. The Arabs seem to yearn for anew identity that does not displace them from their roots, and at the same timeconnects them to the future; the search seems incessantly fruitless. Even non-Arabsseem to be confused about the issue. Vivid movie images mostly portray the Arab maleas a primitive, fanatic, brutal, lunatic, vicious, and splendidly prosperous individualwhile the Arab woman is portrayed as a belly dancer or whore, a veiled submissivemember of a luxurious harem, or a speechless oppressed character with no identity(Boullata, 1990). The political developments of the past few years did not help bringabout a better image. The rise of Islamic activism, end of the cold war, Huntington’s“clash of civilizations” supposition, and the events of 11th September only reinforcedthe bewilderment and confusion.In addressing the notion of women’s participation in the business and politicalarenas in Arab societies, conflicting remarks are brought forward. Some refer to therole of culture and the prevailing religion in the area – Islam and interpretations ofIslam – as possible reasons for such lack of participation (El-Saadawi, 1997; Mernissi,1991). islam, it is asserted, is not merely a set of beliefs and rituals but is also a socialorder that has an all-pervading influence on its followers (Weir, 2000). This essayattempts to present varying discourses pertaining to women’s work and how it isimpacted by interpretations of Islam. We present current discourses from variousviewpoints including Muslim scholars on the one hand and active feminists on theother hand. We address the disagreements that exist in the camps of the religiousscholars in their interpretations of religious texts impacting women and their work. Inaddition, we tackle the feminist discourse pertaining to the role of Islam, orunderstandings of Islam, in their participation and development.