सब साथ टैग की गईं प्रविष्टियां: "हिजबुल्लाह"
अरब कल
डेविड बी. OTTAWAY
अक्टूबर 6, 1981, मिस्र में उत्सव का दिन माना जाता था. इसने तीन अरब-इजरायल संघर्षों में मिस्र की सबसे शानदार जीत की वर्षगांठ को चिह्नित किया, जब देश की दलित सेना ने उद्घाटन के दिनों में स्वेज नहर के पार जोर लगाया 1973 योम किपपुर युद्ध और इजरायली सैनिकों को पीछे हटने में भेज दिया. एक शांत पर, बादल रहित सुबह, काहिरा स्टेडियम मिस्र के परिवारों के साथ पैक किया गया था जो सैन्य अकड़ को देखने के लिए आए थे, अध्यक्ष अनवर अल सादत,युद्ध के वास्तुकार, पुरुषों और मशीनों के रूप में संतुष्टि के साथ देखा उससे पहले परेड. मैं पास था, एक नव आगमन विदेशी संवाददाता। अचानक, सेना के ट्रकों में से एक सीधे खड़े खड़े समीक्षा के सामने रुक गया, जैसे कि छह मिराज जेट ने तीखे प्रदर्शन में उपरि गर्जना की, लाल रंग के लंबे ट्रेल्स के साथ आकाश को चित्रित करना, पीला, बैंगनी,और हरे रंग का धुआं. सआदत खड़ा हो गया, जाहिरा तौर पर मिस्र के सैनिकों की एक और टुकड़ी के साथ सलामी का आदान-प्रदान करने की तैयारी है. उसने ट्रक से कूदने वाले चार इस्लामी हत्यारों के लिए खुद को सही निशाना बनाया, पोडियम पर पहुंचे, और उसके शरीर को गोलियों से छलनी कर दिया। क्या हत्यारों को अपनी घातक आग के साथ स्टैंड स्प्रे करने के लिए अनंत काल लग रहा था, मैं एक पल के लिए विचार करता हूं कि क्या जमीन पर मारना और जोखिम को घबराए दर्शकों द्वारा मार दिया जाना है या पीछे रहना और जोखिम लेना एक आवारा गोली लेना है. वृत्ति ने मुझे अपने पैरों पर रहने के लिए कहा, और मेरी पत्रकारिता के कर्तव्य ने मुझे यह पता लगाने के लिए बाध्य किया कि क्या सआदत जिंदा थी या मर गई.
Hizbollah के राजनीतिक घोषणा पत्र 2009
इस्लामी विपक्षी दलों और यूरोपीय संघ की सगाई के लिए संभावित
टोबी आर्चर
Heidi Huuhtanen
मध्य पूर्व में राजनीतिक इस्लाम
हैं Knudsen
इस्लामी पार्टियों : वे लोकतांत्रिक क्यों नहीं हो सकता
Bassam Tibi
राजनीतिक दल के लिए विद्रोही आंदोलन से
एलेस्टर क्रुक
The view held by many in the West that transformation from an armed resistance movement to political party should be linear, should be preceded by a renunciation of violence, should be facilitated by civil society and brokered by moderate politicians has little reality for the case of the Islamic Resistance Movement (हमास). This is not to suggest that Hamas has not been subject to a political transformation: it has. But that transformation has been achieved in spite of Western efforts and not facilitated by those efforts. While remaining a resistance movement, Hamas has become the government of the Palestinian Authority and has modified its military posture. But this transformation has taken a different course from the one outlined in traditional conflict resolution models. Hamas and other Islamist groups continue to see themselves as resistance movements, but increasingly they see the prospect that their organizations may evolve into political currents that are focused on non-violent resistance.Standard conflict resolution models rely heavily on Western experience in conflict resolution and often ignore the differences of approach in the Islamic history of peace-making. Not surprisingly, the Hamas approach to political negotiation is different in style to that of the West. भी, as an Islamist movement that shares the wider optic of the impact of the West on their societies, Hamas has requirements of authenticity and legitimacy within its own constituency that bear on the importance attached to maintaining an armed capability. These factors, together with the overwhelming effect of long term conflict on a community’s psychology (an aspect that receives little attention in Western models that put preponderant weight on political analysis), suggests that the transformation process for Hamas has been very different from the transformation of arms movements in traditional analysis. इसके साथ - साथ, the harsh landscape of the Israeli – Palestinian conflict gives the Hamas experience its special characteristics.Hamas is in the midst of an important transformation, but the political currents within Israel, and within the region, make the outcome of this transformation unpredictable. Much will depend on the course of Western policy (its “Global War on Terror”) and how that policy effects revivalist Islamist groups such as Hamas, groups that are committed to elections, reform and good-governance.
अरब और मुस्लिम विश्व में लोकतंत्र के लिए चुनौतियां
Alon बेन-Meir
President Bush’s notions that democratizing Iraq will have a ripple effect on the rest ofthe Arab world, bringing prosperity and peace to the region, and that democracy is the panaceafor Islamic terrorism are unsubstantiated as well as grossly misleading. Even a cursory review of the Arab political landscape indicates that the rise of democracy will not automatically translateinto the establishment of enduring liberal democracies or undermine terrorism in the region. Thesame conclusion may be generally made for the Muslim political landscape. In fact, given theopportunity to compete freely and fairly in elections, Islamic extremist organizations will mostlikely emerge triumphant. In the recent elections in Lebanon and Egypt, Hezbollah and the Muslim Brotherhood respectively, won substantial gains, and in Palestine Hamas won thenational Parliamentary elections handedly. That they did so is both a vivid example of the today’spolitical realities and an indicator of future trends. And if current sentiments in the Arab statesoffer a guide, any government formed by elected Islamist political parties will be more antagonistic to the West than the authoritarian regimes still in power. इसके साथ - साथ, there are noindications that democracy is a prerequisite to defeating terrorism or any empirical data tosupport the claim of linkage between existing authoritarian regimes and terrorism.
में आतंकवादी और अतिवादी आंदोलनों मध्य पूर्व
Terrorism and asymmetric warfare are scarcely new features of the Middle Eastern military balance, and Islamicextremism is scarcely the only source of extremist violence. There are many serious ethnic and sectarian differencesin the Middle East, और ये लंबे समय से दिए गए राज्यों के भीतर छिटपुट हिंसा का कारण बने हैं, and sometimes to major civilconflicts. यमन में गृह युद्ध और ओमान में ढोफर विद्रोह इसके उदाहरण हैं, as are the long history of civilwar in Lebanon and Syria’s violent suppression of Islamic political groups that opposed the regime of Hafez al-Asad. फ़िलिस्तीनी मुक्ति संगठन की बढ़ती शक्ति (पीएलओ) led to a civil war in Jordan in September1970. ईरानी क्रांति में 1979 इसके बाद गंभीर राजनीतिक लड़ाई हुई, and an effort to export a theocraticrevolution that helped trigger the Iran-Iraq War. Bahrain and Saudi Arabia have both had civil clashes between theirSunni ruling elites and hostile Shi’ites and these clashes led to significant violence in the case of Saudi Arabia.There also, तथापि, इस क्षेत्र में हिंसक इस्लामी चरमपंथ का एक लंबा इतिहास रहा है, sometimes encouraged byregimes that later became the target of the very Islamists they initially supported. Sadat attempted to use Islamicmovements as a counter to his secular opposition in Egypt only to be assassinated by one such movement after hispeace agreement with Israel. इज़राइल ने इस्लामिक आंदोलनों को प्रायोजित करना सुरक्षित समझा: 1967 as a counter to thePLO, केवल हिंसक रूप से इजरायल विरोधी समूहों के तेजी से उभरने को देखने के लिए. North and South Yemen were the scene ofcoups and civil wars since the early 1960s, and it was a civil war in South Yemen that ultimately led to the collapseof its regime and its merger with North Yemen in 1990.The fall of the shah led to an Islamist takeover in Iran, and resistance to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan triggeredan Islamist reaction that still influences the Middle East and the entire Islamic world. Saudi Arabia had to deal withan uprising at the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979. The religious character of this uprising shared many elementsof the movements that arose after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Gulf War in 1991.Algerian efforts to suppress the victory of Islamic political parties in a democratic election in 1992 were followed bya civil war that has lasted ever since. Egypt fought a long and largely successful battle with its own Islamicextremists in the 1990s, but Egypt has only managed to have suppressed such movements rather than eradicatedthem. बाकी अरब दुनिया में, the civil wars in Kosovo and Bosnia helped create new Islamic extremist cadres.Saudi Arabia suffered from two major terrorist attacks before 2001. These attacks struck at a National GuardTraining center and USAF barracks at Al Khobar, and at least one seems to have been the result of Islamicextremists. मोरक्को, Libya, टुनिशिया, जॉर्डन, Bahrain, कतर, ओमान, and Yemen have all seen hard-line Islamistmovements become a serious national threat.While not directly part of the region, the Sudan has fought a 15-year long civil war that has probably cost over twomillion lives, and this war had been supported by hard-line Islamist elements in the Arab north. Somalia has alsobeen the scene of a civil war since 1991 that has allowed Islamist cells to operate in that country.