RSSसब साथ टैग की गईं प्रविष्टियां: "हिजबुल्लाह"

अरब कल

डेविड बी. OTTAWAY

अक्टूबर 6, 1981, मिस्र में उत्सव का दिन माना जाता था. इसने तीन अरब-इजरायल संघर्षों में मिस्र की सबसे शानदार जीत की वर्षगांठ को चिह्नित किया, जब देश की दलित सेना ने उद्घाटन के दिनों में स्वेज नहर के पार जोर लगाया 1973 योम किपपुर युद्ध और इजरायली सैनिकों को पीछे हटने में भेज दिया. एक शांत पर, बादल रहित सुबह, काहिरा स्टेडियम मिस्र के परिवारों के साथ पैक किया गया था जो सैन्य अकड़ को देखने के लिए आए थे, अध्यक्ष अनवर अल सादत,युद्ध के वास्तुकार, पुरुषों और मशीनों के रूप में संतुष्टि के साथ देखा उससे पहले परेड. मैं पास था, एक नव आगमन विदेशी संवाददाता। अचानक, सेना के ट्रकों में से एक सीधे खड़े खड़े समीक्षा के सामने रुक गया, जैसे कि छह मिराज जेट ने तीखे प्रदर्शन में उपरि गर्जना की, लाल रंग के लंबे ट्रेल्स के साथ आकाश को चित्रित करना, पीला, बैंगनी,और हरे रंग का धुआं. सआदत खड़ा हो गया, जाहिरा तौर पर मिस्र के सैनिकों की एक और टुकड़ी के साथ सलामी का आदान-प्रदान करने की तैयारी है. उसने ट्रक से कूदने वाले चार इस्लामी हत्यारों के लिए खुद को सही निशाना बनाया, पोडियम पर पहुंचे, और उसके शरीर को गोलियों से छलनी कर दिया। क्या हत्यारों को अपनी घातक आग के साथ स्टैंड स्प्रे करने के लिए अनंत काल लग रहा था, मैं एक पल के लिए विचार करता हूं कि क्या जमीन पर मारना और जोखिम को घबराए दर्शकों द्वारा मार दिया जाना है या पीछे रहना और जोखिम लेना एक आवारा गोली लेना है. वृत्ति ने मुझे अपने पैरों पर रहने के लिए कहा, और मेरी पत्रकारिता के कर्तव्य ने मुझे यह पता लगाने के लिए बाध्य किया कि क्या सआदत जिंदा थी या मर गई.

Hizbollah के राजनीतिक घोषणा पत्र 2009

Following World War II, the United States became the centre of polarization and hegemony in the world; as such a project witnessed tremendous development on the levels of domination and subjugation that is unprecedented in history, making use and taking advantage of the multifaceted achievements on the several levels of knowledge, culture, प्रौद्योगिकी, economy as well as the military level- that are supported by an economic-political system that only views the world as markets that have to abide by the American view.
The most dangerous aspect in the western hegemony-the American one precisely- is that they consider themselves as owners of the world and therefore, this expandin strategy along with the economic-capitalist project has become awestern expanding strategythat turned to be an international scheme of limitless greed. Savage capitalism forces- embodied mainly in international monopoly networks o fcompanies that cross the nations and continents, networks of various international establishments especially the financial ones backed by superior military force have led to more contradictions and conflicts of which not less important are the conflicts of identities, संस्कृतियों, civilizations, in addition to the conflicts of poverty and wealth. These savage capitalism forces have turned into mechanisms of sowing dissension and destroying identities as well as imposing the most dangerous type of cultural,
national, economic as well as social theft .

इस्लामी विपक्षी दलों और यूरोपीय संघ की सगाई के लिए संभावित

टोबी आर्चर

Heidi Huuhtanen

In light of the increasing importance of Islamist movements in the Muslim world and

the way that radicalisation has influenced global events since the turn of the century, यह

is important for the EU to evaluate its policies towards actors within what can be loosely

termed the ‘Islamic world’. It is particularly important to ask whether and how to engage

with the various Islamist groups.

This remains controversial even within the EU. Some feel that the Islamic values that

lie behind Islamist parties are simply incompatible with western ideals of democracy and

मानव अधिकार, while others see engagement as a realistic necessity due to the growing

इस्लामी पार्टियों के घरेलू महत्व और अंतरराष्ट्रीय में उनकी बढ़ती भागीदारी

कार्य. एक और दृष्टिकोण यह है कि मुस्लिम दुनिया में लोकतंत्रीकरण बढ़ेगा

यूरोपीय सुरक्षा. इन और अन्य तर्कों की वैधता कि क्या और कैसे

यूरोपीय संघ को शामिल होना चाहिए केवल विभिन्न इस्लामी आंदोलनों का अध्ययन करके परीक्षण किया जा सकता है और

उनकी राजनीतिक परिस्थितियाँ, देश दर देश.

लोकतंत्रीकरण यूरोपीय संघ की सामान्य विदेश नीति कार्रवाइयों का एक केंद्रीय विषय है, जैसा रखा गया है

लेख में बाहर 11 यूरोपीय संघ पर संधि के. इसमें कई राज्यों पर विचार किया गया

रिपोर्ट लोकतांत्रिक नहीं है, या पूरी तरह से लोकतांत्रिक नहीं है. इनमें से अधिकांश देशों में, इस्लामी

पार्टियों और आंदोलनों ने मौजूदा शासन के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण विरोध का गठन किया है, और

कुछ में वे सबसे बड़ा विपक्षी गुट बनाते हैं. यूरोपीय लोकतंत्रों को लंबे समय से करना पड़ा है

deal with governing regimes that are authoritarian, but it is a new phenomenon to press

for democratic reform in states where the most likely beneficiaries might have, from the

EU’s point of view, different and sometimes problematic approaches to democracy and its

related values, such as minority and women’s rights and the rule of law. These charges are

often laid against Islamist movements, so it is important for European policy-makers to

have an accurate picture of the policies and philosophies of potential partners.

Experiences from different countries tends to suggest that the more freedom Islamist

parties are allowed, the more moderate they are in their actions and ideas. In many

cases Islamist parties and groups have long since shifted away from their original aim

of establishing an Islamic state governed by Islamic law, and have come to accept basic

democratic principles of electoral competition for power, the existence of other political

competitors, and political pluralism.

मध्य पूर्व में राजनीतिक इस्लाम

हैं Knudsen

This report provides an introduction to selected aspects of the phenomenon commonly

referred to as “political Islam”. रिपोर्ट मध्य पूर्व के लिए विशेष बल देता है, में

particular the Levantine countries, and outlines two aspects of the Islamist movement that may

be considered polar opposites: लोकतंत्र और राजनीतिक हिंसा. In the third section the report

reviews some of the main theories used to explain the Islamic resurgence in the Middle East

(Figure 1). In brief, the report shows that Islam need not be incompatible with democracy and

that there is a tendency to neglect the fact that many Middle Eastern countries have been

engaged in a brutal suppression of Islamist movements, causing them, some argue, to take up

arms against the state, and more rarely, foreign countries. The use of political violence is

widespread in the Middle East, but is neither illogical nor irrational. In many cases even

Islamist groups known for their use of violence have been transformed into peaceful political

parties successfully contesting municipal and national elections. Nonetheless, the Islamist

revival in the Middle East remains in part unexplained despite a number of theories seeking to

account for its growth and popular appeal. In general, most theories hold that Islamism is a

reaction to relative deprivation, especially social inequality and political oppression. Alternative

theories seek the answer to the Islamist revival within the confines of religion itself and the

powerful, evocative potential of religious symbolism.

The conclusion argues in favour of moving beyond the “gloom and doom” approach that

portrays Islamism as an illegitimate political expression and a potential threat to the West (“Old

Islamism”), and of a more nuanced understanding of the current democratisation of the Islamist

movement that is now taking place throughout the Middle East (“New Islamism”). This

importance of understanding the ideological roots of the “New Islamism” is foregrounded

along with the need for thorough first-hand knowledge of Islamist movements and their

adherents. As social movements, its is argued that more emphasis needs to be placed on

understanding the ways in which they have been capable of harnessing the aspirations not only

of the poorer sections of society but also of the middle class.

इस्लामी पार्टियों : वे लोकतांत्रिक क्यों नहीं हो सकता

Bassam Tibi

Noting Islamism’s growing appeal and strength on the ground, many

Western scholars and officials have been grasping for some way to take

an inclusionary approach toward it. In keeping with this desire, it has

become fashionable contemptuously to dismiss the idea of insisting on

clear and rigorous distinctions as “academic.” When it comes to Islam

and democracy, this deplorable fashion has been fraught with unfortunate

consequences.

Intelligent discussion of Islamism, जनतंत्र, and Islam requires

clear and accurate definitions. Without them, analysis will collapse into

confusion and policy making will suffer. My own view, formed after

thirty years of study and reflection regarding the matter, is that Islam and

democracy are indeed compatible, provided that certain necessary religious

reforms are made. The propensity to deliver on such reforms is what

I see as lacking in political Islam. My own avowed interest—as an Arab-

Muslim prodemocracy theorist and practitioner—is to promote the establishment

of secular democracy within the ambit of Islamic civilization.

In order to help clear away the confusion that all too often surrounds

this topic, I will lay out several basic points to bear in mind. The first is

that, so far, Western practices vis-`a-vis political Islam have been faulty

because they have lacked the underpinning of a well-founded assessment.

Unless blind luck intervenes, no policy can be better than the assessment

upon which it is based. Proper assessment is the beginning of

all practical wisdom.

राजनीतिक दल के लिए विद्रोही आंदोलन से

एलेस्टर क्रुक

The view held by many in the West that transformation from an armed resistance movement to political party should be linear, should be preceded by a renunciation of violence, should be facilitated by civil society and brokered by moderate politicians has little reality for the case of the Islamic Resistance Movement (हमास). This is not to suggest that Hamas has not been subject to a political transformation: it has. But that transformation has been achieved in spite of Western efforts and not facilitated by those efforts. While remaining a resistance movement, Hamas has become the government of the Palestinian Authority and has modified its military posture. But this transformation has taken a different course from the one outlined in traditional conflict resolution models. Hamas and other Islamist groups continue to see themselves as resistance movements, but increasingly they see the prospect that their organizations may evolve into political currents that are focused on non-violent resistance.Standard conflict resolution models rely heavily on Western experience in conflict resolution and often ignore the differences of approach in the Islamic history of peace-making. Not surprisingly, the Hamas approach to political negotiation is different in style to that of the West. भी, as an Islamist movement that shares the wider optic of the impact of the West on their societies, Hamas has requirements of authenticity and legitimacy within its own constituency that bear on the importance attached to maintaining an armed capability. These factors, together with the overwhelming effect of long term conflict on a community’s psychology (an aspect that receives little attention in Western models that put preponderant weight on political analysis), suggests that the transformation process for Hamas has been very different from the transformation of arms movements in traditional analysis. इसके साथ - साथ, the harsh landscape of the Israeli – Palestinian conflict gives the Hamas experience its special characteristics.Hamas is in the midst of an important transformation, but the political currents within Israel, and within the region, make the outcome of this transformation unpredictable. Much will depend on the course of Western policy (its “Global War on Terror”) and how that policy effects revivalist Islamist groups such as Hamas, groups that are committed to elections, reform and good-governance.

अरब और मुस्लिम विश्व में लोकतंत्र के लिए चुनौतियां

Alon बेन-Meir

President Bush’s notions that democratizing Iraq will have a ripple effect on the rest ofthe Arab world, bringing prosperity and peace to the region, and that democracy is the panaceafor Islamic terrorism are unsubstantiated as well as grossly misleading. Even a cursory review of the Arab political landscape indicates that the rise of democracy will not automatically translateinto the establishment of enduring liberal democracies or undermine terrorism in the region. Thesame conclusion may be generally made for the Muslim political landscape. In fact, given theopportunity to compete freely and fairly in elections, Islamic extremist organizations will mostlikely emerge triumphant. In the recent elections in Lebanon and Egypt, Hezbollah and the Muslim Brotherhood respectively, won substantial gains, and in Palestine Hamas won thenational Parliamentary elections handedly. That they did so is both a vivid example of the today’spolitical realities and an indicator of future trends. And if current sentiments in the Arab statesoffer a guide, any government formed by elected Islamist political parties will be more antagonistic to the West than the authoritarian regimes still in power. इसके साथ - साथ, there are noindications that democracy is a prerequisite to defeating terrorism or any empirical data tosupport the claim of linkage between existing authoritarian regimes and terrorism.

में आतंकवादी और अतिवादी आंदोलनों मध्य पूर्व

Anthony H. Cordesman

Terrorism and asymmetric warfare are scarcely new features of the Middle Eastern military balance, and Islamic
extremism is scarcely the only source of extremist violence. There are many serious ethnic and sectarian differences
मध्य पूर्व में, और ये लंबे समय से दिए गए राज्यों के भीतर छिटपुट हिंसा का कारण बने हैं, और कभी-कभी प्रमुख नागरिक के लिए
संघर्ष. यमन में गृह युद्ध और ओमान में ढोफर विद्रोह इसके उदाहरण हैं, जैसा कि नागरिक का लंबा इतिहास है
लेबनान में युद्ध और सीरिया के इस्लामी राजनीतिक समूहों के हिंसक दमन ने हाफ़िज़ अली के शासन का विरोध किया-
असद. फ़िलिस्तीनी मुक्ति संगठन की बढ़ती शक्ति (पीएलओ) सितंबर में जॉर्डन में गृहयुद्ध छिड़ गया
1970. ईरानी क्रांति में 1979 इसके बाद गंभीर राजनीतिक लड़ाई हुई, और एक धार्मिक निर्यात करने का प्रयास
क्रांति जिसने ईरान-इराक युद्ध को गति प्रदान करने में मदद की. बहरीन और सऊदी अरब दोनों के बीच नागरिक संघर्ष हुए हैं
सुन्नी शासक कुलीनों और शत्रुतापूर्ण शियाओं और इन संघर्षों के कारण सऊदी अरब के मामले में महत्वपूर्ण हिंसा हुई.
वहाँ भी, तथापि, इस क्षेत्र में हिंसक इस्लामी चरमपंथ का एक लंबा इतिहास रहा है, कभी कभी द्वारा प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है
शासन जो बाद में उन्हीं इस्लामवादियों का निशाना बने जिनका उन्होंने शुरू में समर्थन किया था. सादात ने इस्लामी इस्तेमाल करने की कोशिश की
मिस्र में उनके धर्मनिरपेक्ष विरोध के प्रतिवाद के रूप में आंदोलनों को केवल उनके बाद ऐसे ही एक आंदोलन द्वारा हत्या कर दी गई
इजरायल के साथ शांति समझौता. इज़राइल ने इस्लामिक आंदोलनों को प्रायोजित करना सुरक्षित समझा: 1967 के लिए एक काउंटर के रूप में
पीएलओ, केवल हिंसक रूप से इजरायल विरोधी समूहों के तेजी से उभरने को देखने के लिए. उत्तर और दक्षिण यमन के दृश्य थे
1960 के दशक की शुरुआत से तख्तापलट और गृह युद्ध, और यह दक्षिण यमन में एक गृहयुद्ध था जो अंततः पतन का कारण बना
इसके शासन और उत्तरी यमन में इसके विलय के बारे में 1990.
शाह के पतन के कारण ईरान में इस्लामवादी अधिकार हो गया, और अफगानिस्तान पर सोवियत आक्रमण का प्रतिरोध शुरू हो गया
एक इस्लामी प्रतिक्रिया जो अभी भी मध्य पूर्व और पूरे इस्लामी दुनिया को प्रभावित करती है. सऊदी अरब को निपटना पड़ा
मक्का में ग्रैंड मस्जिद में विद्रोह 1979. इस विद्रोह के धार्मिक चरित्र ने कई तत्वों को साझा किया
अफगानिस्तान से सोवियत की वापसी और खाड़ी युद्ध के बाद हुए आंदोलनों के बारे में 1991.
एक लोकतांत्रिक चुनाव में इस्लामी राजनीतिक दलों की जीत को दबाने के लिए अल्जीरियाई प्रयास 1992 द्वारा पीछा किया गया
एक गृहयुद्ध जो तब से चला आ रहा है. मिस्र ने अपने स्वयं के इस्लामी के साथ एक लंबी और काफी हद तक सफल लड़ाई लड़ी
1990 के दशक में चरमपंथी, लेकिन मिस्र इस तरह के आंदोलनों को खत्म करने के बजाय केवल दबाने में कामयाब रहा है
उन्हें. बाकी अरब दुनिया में, the civil wars in Kosovo and Bosnia helped create new Islamic extremist cadres.
Saudi Arabia suffered from two major terrorist attacks before 2001. These attacks struck at a National Guard
Training center and USAF barracks at Al Khobar, and at least one seems to have been the result of Islamic
extremists. मोरक्को, Libya, टुनिशिया, जॉर्डन, Bahrain, कतर, ओमान, and Yemen have all seen hard-line Islamist
movements become a serious national threat.
While not directly part of the region, the Sudan has fought a 15-year long civil war that has probably cost over two
million lives, and this war had been supported by hard-line Islamist elements in the Arab north. Somalia has also
been the scene of a civil war since 1991 that has allowed Islamist cells to operate in that country.a

Terrorism and asymmetric warfare are scarcely new features of the Middle Eastern military balance, and Islamicextremism is scarcely the only source of extremist violence. There are many serious ethnic and sectarian differencesin the Middle East, और ये लंबे समय से दिए गए राज्यों के भीतर छिटपुट हिंसा का कारण बने हैं, and sometimes to major civilconflicts. यमन में गृह युद्ध और ओमान में ढोफर विद्रोह इसके उदाहरण हैं, as are the long history of civilwar in Lebanon and Syria’s violent suppression of Islamic political groups that opposed the regime of Hafez al-Asad. फ़िलिस्तीनी मुक्ति संगठन की बढ़ती शक्ति (पीएलओ) led to a civil war in Jordan in September1970. ईरानी क्रांति में 1979 इसके बाद गंभीर राजनीतिक लड़ाई हुई, and an effort to export a theocraticrevolution that helped trigger the Iran-Iraq War. Bahrain and Saudi Arabia have both had civil clashes between theirSunni ruling elites and hostile Shi’ites and these clashes led to significant violence in the case of Saudi Arabia.There also, तथापि, इस क्षेत्र में हिंसक इस्लामी चरमपंथ का एक लंबा इतिहास रहा है, sometimes encouraged byregimes that later became the target of the very Islamists they initially supported. Sadat attempted to use Islamicmovements as a counter to his secular opposition in Egypt only to be assassinated by one such movement after hispeace agreement with Israel. इज़राइल ने इस्लामिक आंदोलनों को प्रायोजित करना सुरक्षित समझा: 1967 as a counter to thePLO, केवल हिंसक रूप से इजरायल विरोधी समूहों के तेजी से उभरने को देखने के लिए. North and South Yemen were the scene ofcoups and civil wars since the early 1960s, and it was a civil war in South Yemen that ultimately led to the collapseof its regime and its merger with North Yemen in 1990.The fall of the shah led to an Islamist takeover in Iran, and resistance to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan triggeredan Islamist reaction that still influences the Middle East and the entire Islamic world. Saudi Arabia had to deal withan uprising at the Grand Mosque in Mecca in 1979. The religious character of this uprising shared many elementsof the movements that arose after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Gulf War in 1991.Algerian efforts to suppress the victory of Islamic political parties in a democratic election in 1992 were followed bya civil war that has lasted ever since. Egypt fought a long and largely successful battle with its own Islamicextremists in the 1990s, but Egypt has only managed to have suppressed such movements rather than eradicatedthem. बाकी अरब दुनिया में, the civil wars in Kosovo and Bosnia helped create new Islamic extremist cadres.Saudi Arabia suffered from two major terrorist attacks before 2001. These attacks struck at a National GuardTraining center and USAF barracks at Al Khobar, and at least one seems to have been the result of Islamicextremists. मोरक्को, Libya, टुनिशिया, जॉर्डन, Bahrain, कतर, ओमान, and Yemen have all seen hard-line Islamistmovements become a serious national threat.While not directly part of the region, the Sudan has fought a 15-year long civil war that has probably cost over twomillion lives, and this war had been supported by hard-line Islamist elements in the Arab north. Somalia has alsobeen the scene of a civil war since 1991 that has allowed Islamist cells to operate in that country.