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Арабското утре

ДАВИД Б. ОТТАВЕЙ

Октомври 6, 1981, е трябвало да бъде празник в Египет. Той отбеляза годишнината от най-великия момент на победата на Египет в три арабско-израелски конфликта, когато армията на аутсайдерите в страната премина през Суецкия канал в първите дни на откриването им 1973 Войната Йом Кипур и изпрати израелски войски, които се отдръпнаха. На хладно, безоблачно утро, стадионът в Кайро беше пълен с египетски семейства, които бяха дошли да видят военните, които разпъват хардуера си., Президент Ануар ел-Садат,архитект на войната, гледаше със задоволство как хората и машините дефилираха пред него. Бях наблизо, наскоро пристигнал чуждестранен кореспондент. Изведнъж, един от армейските камиони спря точно пред щанда за преглед точно когато шест реактивни самолета „Мираж“ изреваха над главата в акробатично изпълнение, рисуване на небето с дълги червени пътеки, жълто, лилаво,и зелен дим. Садат се изправи, очевидно се готви да размени поздрави с още един контингент от египетски войски. Той се превърна в перфектна мишена за четирима ислямистки убийци, скочили от камиона, нахлу на подиума, и осея тялото му с куршуми. Докато убийците продължиха, както изглеждаше цяла вечност, да пръскат стойката със своя смъртоносен огън, Замислих се за миг дали да се ударя на земята и да рискувам да бъда потъпкан до смърт от панически зрители, или да продължа и да рискувам да взема бездомен куршум. Инстинктът ми каза да стоя на крака, и чувството ми за журналистически дълг ме подтикна да отида да разбера дали Садат е жив или мъртъв.

ислям, Политическият ислям и Америка

Арабска прозрение

Възможно ли е „братството“ с Америка?

халил ал-анани

„Няма шанс да комуникираме с каквито и да било САЩ. администрация, докато Съединените щати поддържат дългогодишния си възглед за исляма като реална опасност, възглед, който поставя Съединените щати в същата лодка като ционисткия враг. Ние нямаме предварителни идеи относно американския народ или САЩ. обществото и неговите граждански организации и мозъчни тръстове. Нямаме проблем да общуваме с американския народ, но не се полагат адекватни усилия за сближаването ни,“, каза д-р. Исам ал-Ириан, началник на политическия отдел на Мюсюлманските братя в телефонно интервю.
Думите на Ал-Ирян обобщават възгледите на Мюсюлманските братя за американския народ и САЩ. правителство. Други членове на Мюсюлманските братя биха се съгласили, както би покойният Хасан ал-Бана, който основава групата в 1928. Ал- Банна разглеждаше Запада най-вече като символ на моралния упадък. Други салафити - ислямска школа на мисълта, която разчита на предците като примерен модел - са възприели същото мнение за Съединените щати, но липсва идеологическата гъвкавост, поддържана от Мюсюлманските братя. Докато Мюсюлманските братя вярват в ангажирането на американците в граждански диалог, други екстремистки групи не виждат смисъл от диалог и твърдят, че силата е единственият начин за справяне със Съединените щати.

Ислямистките опозиционни партии и потенциалът за ангажиране на ЕС

Тоби Арчър

Хайди Хуутанен

В светлината на нарастващото значение на ислямистките движения в мюсюлманския свят и

начина, по който радикализацията е повлияла на глобалните събития от началото на века, то

за ЕС е важно да оцени политиките си спрямо участниците в рамките на това, което може да бъде свободно

наречен „ислямски свят“. Особено важно е да попитате дали и как да се ангажирате

с различните ислямистки групи.

Това остава спорно дори в рамките на ЕС. Някои смятат, че ислямът цени това

лъжата зад ислямистките партии е просто несъвместима със западните идеали за демокрация и

човешки права, докато други виждат ангажираността като реалистична необходимост поради нарастващия

вътрешното значение на ислямистките партии и нарастващото им участие в международния

дела. Друга перспектива е, че демократизацията в мюсюлманския свят ще се увеличи

европейска сигурност. Валидността на тези и други аргументи за това дали и как

ЕС трябва да се ангажира може да се провери само чрез изучаване на различните ислямистки движения и

техните политически обстоятелства, страна по държава.

Демократизацията е централна тема на общите външнополитически действия на ЕС, както е положено

в статията 11 от Договора за Европейския съюз. Много от държавите, разгледани в това

доклад не са демократични, или не е напълно демократичен. В повечето от тези страни, ислямист

партиите и движенията представляват значителна опозиция на преобладаващите режими, и

в някои образуват най-големия опозиционен блок. Европейските демокрации отдавна трябваше

справят се с управляващи режими, които са авторитарни, но това е ново явление за преса

за демократична реформа в държави, където най-вероятните бенефициенти може да имат, от

Гледната точка на ЕС, различни и понякога проблематични подходи към демокрацията и нейните

свързани ценности, като правата на малцинствата и жените и върховенството на закона. Тези такси са

често насочени срещу ислямистките движения, затова е важно европейските политици да

да имате точна представа за политиките и философията на потенциалните партньори.

Опитът от различни страни показва, че колкото повече свобода е ислямистът

партитата са разрешени, the more moderate they are in their actions and ideas. In many

случаи ислямистките партии и групи отдавна са се отклонили от първоначалната си цел

за създаване на ислямска държава, управлявана от ислямския закон, и са дошли да приемат основни

демократични принципи на електорална конкуренция за власт, съществуването на други политически

състезатели, и политически плурализъм.

Саид Кутб: The Karl Marx of the Islamic Revolution

Лесли Евънс

Саид Кутб (Октомври 9, 1906-Август 29, 1966), the Egyptian literary critic, philosopher, and theorist of the contemporary jihadist movement is only becoming a familiar name in the West in recent years, but his voluminous writings have had and continue to have enormous impact in the Muslim world. It is not an overstatement to say that it is hardly possible to understand the reasoning and goals of the Islamic militants without some familiarity with the outlook Qutb (pronounced KUH-tahb) enunciated.
A search of Amazon.com returns no less than seven books in English about Sayyid Qutb as well as collections of his writings and many of his own books in translation. The two works touched on here are only a random sampling of a very large literature which is again but a minute fraction of what exists in Arabic. These two are quite different in scope and attitude. Adnan Ayyub Musallam, a Palestinian native of Bethlehem, holds a doctorate from the University of Michigan
and is currently professor of history, politics, and cultural studies at Bethlehem University in the West Bank. His generally sympathetic but critical biography concentrates on the evolving politics of Qutb’s affiliations and thought. The quite brief and more critical piece by Paul Berman for the New York Times looks at Qutb’s theology and helps to clarify his argument with Christianity and Western secularism.
Brilliant from his earliest youth, Sayyid Qutb was an unlikely figure to serve as the inspiration for a global revolutionary movement. Although for a brief period he was a member of the militant Muslim Brothers, where he served as an editor not as an organizer, he spent most of his life as a lone intellectual. Where Marx, the theorist of world communism, labored in the British Museum, Sayyid Qutb wrote his most influential works in an Egyptian prison, where he spent most of the last eleven years of his life, until his execution by the Nasser government in 1966. Even his turn to Islam in any serious way did not take place until he was past forty, yet in prison in his fifties he produced a controversial rethinking of the religion that reverberates around the world.
Qutb was born in the village of Musha, between Cairo and Aswan into a family of small landowners. He was sent to the local madrasa, the government school, rather than the still more religious kuttab, the Islamic school, but he won a contest between the two schools for the best memorization of the Qur’an. He recalled his life there in his only biographical work, “Child from the Village,” recording local customs and superstitions. From that period he acquired a belief in the world of spirits that he carried with him all his life

why are there no arab democracies ?

Лари Даймънд

During democratization’s “third wave,” democracy ceased being a mostly Western phenomenon and “went global.” When the third wave began in 1974, the world had only about 40 democracies, and only a few of them lay outside the West. By the time the Journal of Democracy began publishing in 1990, there were 76 electoral democracies (accounting for slightly less than half the world’s independent states). от 1995, that number had shot up to 117—three in every five states. By then, a critical mass of democracies existed in every major world region save one—the Middle East.1 Moreover, every one of the world’s major cultural realms had become host to a significant democratic presence, albeit again with a single exception—the Arab world.2 Fifteen years later, this exception still stands.
The continuing absence of even a single democratic regime in the Arab world is a striking anomaly—the principal exception to the globalization of democracy. Why is there no Arab democracy? Наистина, why is it the case that among the sixteen independent Arab states of the Middle East and coastal North Africa, Lebanon is the only one to have ever been a democracy?
The most common assumption about the Arab democracy deficit is that it must have something to do with religion or culture. След всичко, the one thing that all Arab countries share is that they are Arab.

Claiming the Center: Political Islam in Transition

Джон Л.. Еспозито

In the 1990s political Islam, what some callIslamic fundamentalism,” remains a major presence in government and in oppositional politics from North Africa to Southeast Asia. Political Islam in power and in politics has raised many issues and questions: “Is Islam antithetical to modernization?,” “Are Islam and democracy incompatible?,” “What are the implications of an Islamic government for pluralism, minority and women’s rights,” “How representative are Islamists,” “Are there Islamic moderates?,” “Should the West fear a transnational Islamic threat or clash of civilizations?” Contemporary Islamic Revivalism The landscape of the Muslim world today reveals the emergence of new Islamic republics (Иран, Судан, Афганистан), the proliferation of Islamic movements that function as major political and social actors within existing systems, and the confrontational politics of radical violent extremists._ In contrast to the 1980s when political Islam was simply equated with revolutionary Iran or clandestine groups with names like Islamic jihad or the Army of God, the Muslim world in the 1990s is one in which Islamists have participated in the electoral process and are visible as prime ministers, cabinet officers, speakers of national assemblies, parliamentarians, and mayors in countries as diverse as Egypt, Судан, Турция, Иран, Ливан, Kuwait, Yemen, Йордания, Пакистан, Бангладеш, Малайзия, Индонезия, and Israel/Palestine. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, political Islam continues to be a major force for order and disorder in global politics, one that participates in the political process but also in acts of terrorism, a challenge to the Muslim world and to the West. Understanding the nature of political Islam today, and in particular the issues and questions that have emerged from the experience of the recent past, remains critical for governments, policymakers, and students of international politics alike.

MUSLIM INSTITUTIONS AND POLITICAL MOBILIZATION

САРА СИЛВЕСТРИ

In Europe, and most of the Western world, Muslim presence in the publicsphere is a recent phenomenon that characterised the last decade of the 20thcentury and has deeply marked the beginning of the 21st. This visiblepresence, which amounts to something between 15 и 20 millionindividuals, can best be analysed if dissected into a number of components.The first part of this chapter illustrates where, when and why organisedMuslim voices and institutions have emerged in Europe, and which actorshave been involved. The second part is more schematic and analytical, inthat it seeks to identify from these dynamics the process through whichMuslims become political actors and how they relate to other, often incompeting political forces and priorities. It does so by observing theobjectives and the variety of strategies that Muslims have adopted in orderto articulate their concerns vis-à-vis different contexts and interlocutors.The conclusions offer an initial evaluation of the impact and of theconsequences of Muslim mobilisation and institution-formation forEuropean society and policy-making.

Ислямско движение: Political Freedom & Демокрация

Dr.Yusuf al-Qaradawi

It is the duty of the (ислямски) Movement in the coming phase tostand firm against totalitarian and dictatorial rule, political despotism and usurpation of people’s rights. The Movement should always stand by political freedom, as represented by true,not false, демокрация. It should flatly declare it refusal of tyrantsand steer clear of all dictators, even if some tyrant appears to havegood intentions towards it for some gain and for a time that is usually short, as has been shown by experience.The Prophet (SAWS) said, “ When you see my Nation fall victim to fear and does not say to a wrong –doer, “You are wrong”, thenyou may lose hope in them.” So how about a regime that forces people to say to a conceited wrongdoer, “How just, how great you are. O our hero, our savior and our liberator!”The Quran denounces tyrants such as Numrudh, Pharaoh, Haman and others, but it also dispraises those who follow tyrants andobey their orders. This is why Allah dispraises the people of Noahby saying, “ But they follow (m en) whose wealth and childrengive them no increase but only loss.” [Surat Nuh; 21]Allah also says of Ad, people of Hud, “ And followed thecommand of every powerful, obstinate transgressor”. [Surat Hud:59]See also what the Quran says about the people of Pharaoh, “ Butthey followed the command of Pharaoh, and the command ofPharaoh was not rightly guided.[Surat Hud: 97] “Thus he made fools of his people, and they obeyed him: truly they were a people rebellious (against Allah).” [Surat Az-Zukhruf: 54]A closer look at the history of the Muslim Nation and the IslamicMovement in modern times should show clearly that the Islamicidea, the Islamic Movement and the Islamic Awakening have never flourished or borne fruit unless in an atmosphere ofdemocracy and freedom, and have withered and become barren only at the times of oppression and tyranny that trod over the willof the peoples which clung to Islam. Such oppressive regimesimposed their secularism, socialism or communism on their peoples by force and coercion, using covert torture and publicexecutions, and employing those devilish tools that tore flesh,shed blood, crushed bone and destroyed the soul.We saw these practices in many Muslim countries, including Turkey, Египет, Сирия, Ирак, (the former) South Yemen, Somaliaand northern African States for varying periods of time, depending on the age or reign of the dictator in each country.On the other hand, we saw the Islamic Movement and the Islamic Awakening bear fruit and flourish at the times of freedom and democracy, and in the wake of the collapse of imperial regimes that ruled peoples with fear and oppression.Therefore, I would not imagine that the Islamic Movement could support anything other than political freedom and democracy.The tyrants allowed every voice to be raised, except the voice ofIslam, and let every trend express itself in the form of a politicalparty or body of some sort, except the Islamic current which is theonly trend that actually speaks for this Nation and expresses it screed, values, essence and very existence.

Living with Democracy in Egypt

Даниел Консолаторе

Hosni Mubarek was almost elected president of Egypt in September 2005. Not that the seventy-seven-year-old secular autocrat who has ruled that nationfor the past twenty-four years lost the election; by the official count, he took nearly 85 percent of the vote.His nearest competitor, Айман Нур, the upstart headof the fledgling opposition party al-Ghad (“Tomorrow”),managed less than 8 percent. The only other candidate to take any significant tally was the aged NomanGamaa of the venerable al-Wafd (“Delegation”)party, who managed less than 3 percent. The Ikhwanal-Muslimeen (“Muslim Brotherhood”), feared by somany Westerners for its purist Islamic social and politicalagenda, didn’t even field a candidate.Mubarek’s decisive victory would seem to be reassuringto most people—particularly secular Americans—worried for the future of the few Westernfriendly,moderate Arab regimes, threatened as theyare by the Islamicization of politics in the region. The Bush administration would also seem to have reasonto be pleased, given its recent change of heart aboutArab democracy. The missing chemical weapons in Iraq and subsequent justification of the war thereas precedent for democratization have inspired theWhite House to push for as many elections as possible in the region. In fact, when Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice spoke at the American University inCairo in June, she announced to some surprise that“for sixty years” the United States had been mistakenin “pursu[ing] stability at the expense of democracy”in the Middle East. For generations, нас. pundits weresure that the “Arab street” couldn’t be trusted with the vote, as they might hand over power to communistsor fundamentalist Islamists. Realpolitik dictated that autocrats and dictators, like Mubarek and Saddam Hussein, had to be coddled in order to maintain “stability”in the region. If they would then stage election sor dispense with them altogether, deny free speech,and let loose secret police to terrorize the population,the White House would likely turn a blind eye. But ifMubarek could now claim a true democratic mandate,that would be the best of all worlds.

Political Transitions in the Arab World

Дина Шехата

The year 2007 marked the end of a brief interval of political liberalization in the Arab world which began shortly after the occupation of Iraq and which resulted primarily from external pressures on Arab regimes to reform and democratize. External pressures during the 2003-2006 period created a political opening which activists across the region used to press for longstanding demands for political and constitutional reform.Faced with a combination of growing external and internal pressures to reform, Arab regimes were forced to make some concessions to their challengers.In Egypt, upon the request of the President, Parliament passed a constitutional amendment to allowfor direct competitive presidential elections. In September2005, Egypt witnessed its first competitive presidential election ever and as expected Mubarak was elected for a fifth term with 87%of the vote. освен това,during the November 2005 parliamentary elections,which were freer than previous elections, the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest opposition movement in Egypt, won 88 седалки. This was the largest number of seats won by an opposition group in Egypt since the 1952 revolution.Similarly, in the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections, Hamas won a majority of the seats.Hamas was thereby able to establish control over the Palestinian Legislative Council which had been dominated by Fatah since the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1996. In Lebanon, in the wake of the assassination of Rafiq Hariri on 14th February2005, a coalition of pro-Hariri political forces was ablet hrough broad-based mass mobilization and external support to force Syrian troops to pull out from Lebanon and the pro-Syrian Government to resign. Elections were held, and the 14th February coalition was able to win a plurality of the votes and to form a new government.In Morocco, King Mohamed VI oversaw the establishment of a truth and reconciliation committee which sought to address the grievances of those who had been abused under the reign of his father.The Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC) also under took some important reforms during the 2003-2006 period. В 2003 Qatar promulgated a written constitution for the first time in its history. In 2005,Saudi Arabia convened municipal elections for the firsttime in five decades. And in 2006, Bahrain held parliamentaryelections in which the Shiite society of AlWefaqwon 40%of the seats. Subsequently, the first Shiitedeputy prime minister in Bahrain was appointed.Theses events, which came to be known as ‘the Arab Spring,’ led some optimists to believe that the Arabworld was on the brink of a democratic transformation similar to those experienced in Latin American and Eastern and Central Europe during the 1980s and1990s. въпреки това, в 2007, as political liberalization gave way to heightened polarization and to renewed repression,these hopes were dispelled. The failure ofthe openings of the 2003-2006 period to create a sustained momentum towards democratization can beat tributed to a number of factors. The deteriorating security situation in Iraq and the failure of the United States to create a stable and democratic regime dampened support for democracy promotion efforts within the American administration and reinforced the views ofthose who held that security and stability must come before democracy. освен това, the electoral successes of Islamists in Egypt and in Palestine further dampened Western support for democracy promotion efforts in the region since the principals of thesemovements were perceived to be at odds with the interestsof theWest.

Radical Islam In Egypt A Comparison Of Two Groups

By David Zeidan

The author compares two key Egyptian radical Islamic groups, the Society of Muslims(Такфир вал-Хиджра) and the Society of Struggle (Jama’at al-Jihad) and analyzes their differencesin doctrine and strategy. This study is presented in the context of a broader examination of thehistory of militant Islamic groups in Egypt. The author argues that the two societies furnishexamples of basic types of radical Islamic movements. В допълнение, Jama’at al-Jihad remainsimportant in contemporary Egyptian politics and in that country’s internal struggle.The Egyptian radical groups understudy here, the Society of Muslims (Takfirwal-Hijra) and the Society of Struggle(Jama’at al-Jihad), espoused drasticallydifferent ideologies and strategies forgaining power. The Society of Muslims(Takfir) had a passive separatist andmessianic ideology, delaying activeconfrontation with the state to an indefinitepoint in the future when it could reach acertain degree of strength. In comparison,the Society of Struggle (al-Jihad) followedan activist, militant ideology that committedit to immediate and violent action againstthe regime.ISLAMIC RESURGENCEHistory reveals cyclical patterns ofIslamic revival in times of crisis.Charismatic leaders arose attempting torenew the fervor and identity of Muslims,purify the faith from accretions and corruptreligious practices, and reinstate the pristineIslam of the Prophet Muhammad’s day.Leaders of revivals tended to appear eitheras renewers of the faith promised at the startof each century (mujaddids), or as thedeliverer sent by God in the end of times toestablish the final kingdom of justice andpeace (mahdi).

The W&M Progressive

Джулиан Кар
Ричаел Верен
Итън Форест

Accepting the Responsibility of Electoral Choice

The development of democratic institutions comes with negative externalities. As a political progressive, I believe that the big picture – establishing a solid democratic foundation – outweighs the possible emergence of political parties that may advocate religious or gender intolerance. I am a firm believer in the workings of the democratic process. While I have been studying in Egypt for the semester, I am reminded that despite the imperfections of the United States democratic system, it is still many times better than living under any authoritarian regime that outlaws political parties and posts military police at a variety of locations in an effort to exert control and maintain power.

In Egypt, the electoral process is not democratic. The National Political Party – the party of President Mubarak – exerts tremendous influence in the country. Its main opposition is the Muslim Brotherhood, which was created in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna. The Muslim Brotherhood is based on very strict interpretations of the Koran and the idea that secular governments are a direct violation of the teaching of the Koran. The party has a very violent past; it has been directly responsible for several assassination attempts and the assassination of the Egyptian leader Anwar-as-Sadat in 1981.

The Muslim Brotherhood is an illegal political party. Because the political party is religious, it is not allowed to participate in the public sphere under Egyptian law. Despite this technicality, the party has members in the Egyptian Parliament. въпреки това, the parliamentarians cannot officially declare their affiliation with the Muslim Brotherhood but instead identify as Independents. Though the party remains illegal, it remains the most powerful opposition to the ruling National Democratic Party.

Civil society and Democratization in the Arab World

Саад Еддин Ибрахим
Even if Islam is the Answer, Arab Muslims are the Problem

In May 2008, the Arab nation experienced a number of fires, or rather, armed conflicts—в

Ливан, Ирак, Палестина, Yemen, and Somalia. In these conflicts,

the warring parties used Islam as the instrument for mobilization

and amassing support. Collectively, Muslims are

waging war against Muslims.

After some Muslims raised the slogan of “Islam is the solution,”

то

became apparent “their Islam is the problem.” No sooner have some of them acquired weapons,

than they raised it against the state and its ruling regime regardless of

whether that regime was ruling in the name of Islam or not.

We have

seen this in recent years between the followers of Osama bin Laden

and the Al-Qaeda organization on the one hand, and the authorities in

the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, on the other. We have also seen an

explosive example of this phenomenon in Morocco, whose king rules in the name of Islam and

whose title is the ‘Prince of the Faithful.Thus each Muslim faction kills other Muslims in the

name of Islam.
A quick glance at the contents of the media confirms how the

term Islam and its associated symbols have become mere tools in the hands of these Muslims.

Prominent examples of these Islam-exploiting factions are:
The Muslim Brotherhood, Egyptian Islamic Jihad, and Jamiat al-Islamiyya, in Egypt

Hamas and the Islamic Jihad Movement, in Palestine Hezbollah, Fatah al-Islam,

and Jamiat al-Islammiyya, in Lebanon The Houthi Zayadi rebels and the Islamic Reform Grouping

(Islah), inYemen The Islamic courts, in Somalia The Islamic Front ,

на 500 най-влиятелните мюсюлмани

Джон Еспозито

Ибрахим Калин

Публикацията, която държите в ръцете си, е първата от това, което се надяваме да бъде годишна поредица, която предоставя прозорец към двигателите и шейкърите на мюсюлманския свят. Ние се стремим да подчертаем хора, които са влиятелни като мюсюлмани, това е, хора, чието влияние произтича от тяхното практикуване на исляма или от факта, че са мюсюлмани. Смятаме, че това дава ценна представа за различните начини, по които мюсюлманите влияят на света, и също така показва разнообразието на начина, по който хората живеят като мюсюлмани днес. Влиянието е сложна концепция. Значението му произлиза от латинската дума influens, което означава вливане, сочещи към стара астрологична идея, която невидими сили (като луната) засягат човечеството. Фигурите в този списък имат способността да влияят и на човечеството. По различни начини всеки човек в този списък има влияние върху живота на голям брой хора на земята. The 50 най-влиятелните фигури са профилирани. Тяхното влияние идва от различни източници; но те са обединени от факта, че всеки от тях засяга огромни части от човечеството. След това ние разделихме 500 лидери в 15 категории — Научен, Политически,Административни, Родословие, Проповедници, Жени, Младост, Филантропия, развитие,Науката и технологиите, Изкуство и култура, Медия, Радикали, Международни ислямски мрежи, и Проблеми на деня – за да ви помогне да разберете различните видове начини, по които ислямът и мюсюлманите влияят на света днес. Два съставни списъка показват как влиянието работи по различни начини: Международните ислямски мрежи показват хора, които са начело на важни транснационални мрежи на мюсюлмани, и Проблеми на деня подчертава личности, чиято важност се дължи на текущи проблеми, засягащи човечеството.

Reform in the Muslim World: The Role of Islamists and Outside Powers

Шибли Телхами


The Bush Administration’s focus on spreading democracyin the Middle East has been much discussed over the past several years, not only in the United Statesand Arab and Muslim countries but also around theworld. In truth, neither the regional discourse about theneed for political and economic reform nor the Americantalk of spreading democracy is new. Over the pasttwo decades, particularly beginning with the end of theCold War, intellectuals and governments in the MiddleEast have spoken about reform. The American policyprior to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990 also aimedto spread democracy in the Arab world. But in that case,the first Gulf War and the need to forge alliances withautocratic regimes were one reason talk of democracydeclined. The other reason was the discovery that politicalreform provided openings to Islamist political groupsthat seemed very much at odd with American objectives.The fear that Islamist groups supported democracy onlybased on the principle of “one man, one vote, one time,”as former Assistant Secretary of State Edward Djerejianonce put it, led the United States to backtrack. Evenearly in the Clinton Administration, Secretary of StateWarren Christopher initially focused on democracy inhis Middle East policy but quickly sidelined the issueas the administration moved to broker Palestinian-Israelinegotiation in the shadow of militant Islamist groups,especially Hamas.

The future of Islam after 9/11

Mansoor Moaddel

There is no consensus among historians and Islamicists about the nature of theIslamic belief system and the experience of historical Islam, on which one couldbase a definitive judgment concerning Islam’s compatibility with modernity. въпреки това,the availability of both historical and value survey data allow us to analyzethe future of Islam in light of the horrific event of 9/11. The key factor that woulddetermine the level of societal visibility necessary for predicting the future developmentof a culture is the nature and clarity of the ideological targets in relation towhich new cultural discourses are produced. Based on this premise, I shall try toilluminate the nature of such targets that are confronted by Muslim activists inIran, Египет, and Jordan.